福建省海水养殖业生态安全评价

以福建省为例,应用PSR模型,从海水养殖业生态环境的系统压力、系统状态、系统响应3个方面筛选出26个指标,在专家打分的基础上,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,从时间尺度上(2003-2012年)评价福建省海水养殖业的生态安全状况及其发展趋势,探究影响福建省海水养殖业生态安全水平的主要原因.结果表明,福建省海水养殖业的生态环境总体呈现越来越好的趋势,但仍然面临较严峻的挑战.     

白腐真菌发酵罐液态发酵产漆酶条件的优化

通过在发酵罐中液体发酵产漆酶,在发酵罐中筛选黄孢原毛平革菌液体发酵产漆酶的最佳条件.试验选取已优化的白腐真菌液态发酵培养基进行培养,在发酵罐中进行单因素和多因素正交试验,对其在发酵罐中发酵产酶条件进行优化.选取的白腐真菌黄孢子原毛平革菌的最佳发酵生产条件为:温度28℃、转速300r/min、通气量5L/min(通气比1.0vvm)、pH值5、接种量为15%.在此条件下最高产酶水平可达14.86U/mL.     

1株新分离拮抗酵母菌株对芒果炭疽病生防效果及其分类鉴定

从海南芒果园取样分离到1个新拮抗酵母菌株(LZ5),通过离体和活体抑菌实验,发现其对芒果采后炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.and Sacc)有明显的抑菌效果。活体接种实验结果表明,1×108cfu·m L-1的酵母菌对刺伤接种的芒果采后炭疽病具有显著的生防效果,接种第4天和第6天对照组的病斑直径分别为5.80,26.3 mm,而处理组仅分别为0.33,17.6 mm,接种第4天对照组的发病率已达100%,而处理组仅为20%。此外,该菌株可以在芒果伤口处快速繁殖,在接种24 h后酵母细胞数为初始值的62.6倍,随后基本保持稳定。经鉴定该拮抗酵母菌属于季也蒙毕赤酵母(Meyerozyma guilliermondii)。     

辣椒青枯病生防菌的分离和鉴定

[目的]筛选辣椒青枯病内生拮抗菌,为辣椒青枯病防治提供参考。[方法]通过生防菌拮抗效能的测定从辣椒青枯病发病区健康辣椒植株体内分离对辣椒青枯雷尔氏菌(R.solanacearum)有较强拮抗作用的内生细菌,并通过形态鉴定、16S r DNA同源性序列分析对其进行鉴定。[结果]从辣椒青枯病发病区健康植株体内分离筛选到1株对辣椒青枯病有较强拮抗作用的细菌CQW菌株,初步鉴定其为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。[结论]为辣椒青枯病防治提供了资源菌。     

烯效唑浸种对不同水分条件下苦荞生长的影响

以"黑丰一号"苦荞[Fagopyrum tataricum(L.)Gaertn]为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、40、80和120mg/kg)烯效唑浸种,探讨不同水分条件(正常供水、中度干旱和重度干旱)下烯效唑浸种对苦荞生长的抗旱效应。结果表明,烯效唑浸种降低了苗高,提高了苦荞的茎粗、叶面积、最大根长和根冠比;同时还提高了叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量和根系活力。烯效唑处理降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量,从而降低了膜脂过氧化程度,提高了保护酶活性。采用80 mg/kg烯效唑浸种,在正常供水、中度干旱胁迫及重度干旱胁迫条件下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照均有不同程度的提高;苦荞株穗数、株粒数、百粒重较对照均有不同程度的提高。由此可见,80 mg/kg的烯效唑浸种可以提高苦荞的抗旱能力。     

拮抗细菌对烟草黑胫病的防治效果研究

采用温室盆栽试验测试5株芽孢杆菌属生防细菌对烟草黑胫病的拮抗作用。结果表明,拮抗细菌芽孢杆菌1205对苗期烟草黑胫病有较稳定的防治效果,其分泌物还有促进烟株生长的作用,经鉴定1205菌株为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

果园管道自动顺序喷雾控制系统设计

针对密植果园或成熟果园中由于果树树冠逐渐长大使果树行距变小甚至封行,增加果树喷药难度和劳动强度、危及喷雾作业人员安全等问题,设计了一种果园管道自动顺序喷雾控制系统.该系统由喷雾给药单元、自动顺序喷雾主控器和电磁阀控制节点组成.喷雾给药单元为系统提供药液,自动顺序喷雾主控制器给电磁阀控制节点提供控制信号,电磁阀控制节点控制电磁阀的开关,通过控制果园中多个电磁阀的顺序开启和关闭,实现对果树的自动顺序喷雾.运行试验结果表明,该系统可以按照设定喷雾时间对果树进行自动顺序喷雾,不需要人工进入果园喷雾.     

刀鲚的全人工繁殖及胚胎发育

通过对刀鲚(Coilia nasus)全人工繁殖试验和胚胎发育观察,研究了刀鲚全人工繁殖的特性和其胚胎发育的时序和特点。结果显示,对人工繁养的F1刀鲚亲鱼(2龄)进行模拟自然洄游的培育,采用注射促黄体素释放激素A2(LHRH-A2)对性腺发育良好的亲本进行催产,剂量为:雌鱼30μg/kg,雄鱼减半;在22~24℃条件下,经过18~33.5 h的效应时间,亲本自然交配产卵,催产率为91.7%;获得受精卵25.8万粒,受精率为80.6%,获得22.3万尾的初孵仔鱼,孵化率为86.4%;受精卵透明、浮性、无粘性、球形,卵径为(909.86±24.02)μm,油球大且单个;胚胎发育分为胚盘形成阶段、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠期阶段、神经胚阶段、器官形成阶段和出膜阶段7个阶段及30个发育时期,在(23.64±0.36)℃条件下,历时28 h仔鱼出膜;初孵仔鱼全身透明,靠油球浮于水面,全长(2056.37~2074.74)μm,卵黄囊大且近椭圆形,油球呈球形,心跳90~110次/分,肌节48~50对;研究结果对刀鲚资源的保护和规模化全人工繁殖工艺流程的建立具有重要的意义。     

Response dynamics of three defense related enzymes in cotton leaves to the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) herbivory and omethoate application

In order to explore the response dynamics of the activities of defense related enzymes in cotton leaves towards the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera herbivory and omethoate application, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), lipoxygenase(LOX), and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were examined from 6 to 126 h after cotton leaves were treated 12 h of H. armigera herbivory, and then sprayed with 800 mg L–1 omethoate. The results showed that the changes in the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO that occured under the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application reflected the interactive effects of the two stresses on cotton defense. The similarity between the response dynamics of PAL, LOX, and PPO activities in cotton leaves under the interactive stress and that under H. armigera herbivory treatment alone showed that the induction of H. armigera herbivory on the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO in cotton leaves played a leading role in the interactive effects, and the effect of omethoate application played only a minor role. A joint factor analysis was performed according to a method which has been used to analyze the joint toxicity of pesticides; this analysis sought to clarify if there was a synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effect on PAL, LOX, and PPO activity in cotton leaves resulting from the interactive H. armigera herbivory and omethoate treatment. In the interactive effect on the response of PAL activity in cotton leaves, antagonistic effects of the omethoate application towards H. armigera herbivory were observed at 6 and 12 h. Synergistic effects were then observed at 18 and 30 h. Antagonistic effects were observed from 54 to 78 h and synergistic effects were finally observed at 126 h. The correlation between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application in the interactive effect on cotton defense responses of LOX activity also fluctuated from synergism to antagonism during the time course. In the interactive effect on PPO activity, only antagonism was observed between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application. In the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application on cotton defense responses, omethoate affected the defense responses of cotton to H. armigera herbivory by producing antagonistic and synergistic effects. These results will be useful to understand the relationship between host plant and herbivorous pest.     

苏子油对瘤胃体外发酵模式、脂肪酸组成及甲烷生成的影响

为探讨苏子油对瘤胃体外发酵的影响,采用人工瘤胃技术分析不同添加水平的苏子油对瘤胃发酵模式、发酵参数和瘤胃脂肪酸代谢的影响.结果表明:添加不同剂量苏子油对发酵液pH值和氨氮(NH3-N)含量无显著影响(P0.05);与对照相比较,随着苏子油添加量的增加干物质降解率、中性洗涤纤维降解率、酸性洗涤纤维降解率、发酵底物单位产气量显著降低(P0.05),甲烷产量呈下降趋势(P0.05);对TVFA无显著影响(P0.05),丙酸含量显著增加(P0.05),乙酸含量和乙酸丙酸比例显著降低(P0.05);C18:1、c9,t11-CLA和总的长链脂肪酸浓度均明显升高(P0.01).表明在粮中添加一定量的苏子油,可改变瘤胃发酵类型、降低甲烷产量、调节瘤胃液脂肪酸组成.