转基因食品标识的问题与困惑

随着转基因技术的发展与推广,转基因作物及其制成品渐渐进入人们的生活,转基因食品安全的监管显得日益重要。2001年我国出台的《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》中要求对所有的转基因食品(Genetically modified organism food,GMO food)进行标识,但没有明确需要标识的阈值。本研究介绍转基因食品标识制度,并对不同国家制度进行比较分析;从阈值计算方法和转基因成分检测技术两方面介绍阈值设计的技术基础;对阈值管理进行成本效益分析的结果表明,阈值管理会提升运行和管理成本,但不会提高消费者的支付意愿,原因主要在于消费者对转基因食品本身安全性的担忧。建议我国应加强转基因技术的研究,设置合理标识阈值,加强我国转基因食品安全管理。     

金芩蓝口服液中连翘苷含量测定方法的改进

改进金芩蓝口服液中连翘苷的含量测定方法。通过对超声溶剂及超声时间的比较,优选出供试品的制备方法。结果显示金芩蓝口服液中连翘苷含量测定的供试品溶液的制备方法为以50%甲醇为溶剂、超声10 min。说明该方法快速简便、精密度高、稳定性、重复性好,可用于金芩蓝口服液中连翘苷的含量测定。     

干扰核心蛋白聚糖对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化的影响

为探究肌肉生长抑制素（MSTN）对牛骨骼肌生长发育的作用机制,本研究以前期MSTN^+/-蒙古牛与野生蒙古牛腿臀肌肌肉组织定量蛋白质组学与磷酸化蛋白质组学筛选获得的表达差异倍数较大的核心蛋白聚糖（DCN）为靶标,以实验室前期分离培养的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞及建立的体外诱导成肌分化模型为对象,通过对设计合成的3个DCN siRNA干扰效果的筛选,将干扰效果最显著的si-DCN-2（si-DCN）转染牛骨骼肌卫星细胞。采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting方法检测增殖期（GM）牛骨骼肌卫星细胞中增殖标志因子Pax7和MyoD的mRNA水平及蛋白水平的表达变化,以及使用EdU染色的方法检测干扰DCN对细胞增殖的影响。对转染DCN siRNA的牛骨骼肌卫星细胞进行体外成肌诱导分化,通过显微镜观察牛骨骼肌卫星细胞分化第3天（DM3）的肌管形成状态,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测分化标志因子MyoG和MyHC的mRNA水平及蛋白水平的表达变化,并对DM3期肌管MyHC进行免疫荧光染色,以研究干扰DCN对细胞分化的影响。结果显示,干扰DCN表达后,增殖期牛骨骼肌卫星细胞中Pax7和MyoD的mRNA水平及蛋白水平都显著或极显著上调（P<0.05;P<0.01）,且EdU阳性细胞率显著增加（P<0.05）,表明干扰DCN表达显著促进了牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖。干扰DCN表达后,牛骨骼肌卫星细胞分化第3天诱导形成的肌管直径呈现增大趋势,检测成肌分化标志因子MyoG在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达分别极显著和显著高于对照组（P<0.01;P<0.05）,MyHC在mRNA水平显著降低（P<0.05）,但在蛋白水平上极显著升高（P<0.01）,免疫荧光结果显示,下调DCN后肌管融合指数显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,说明干扰DCN表达能够促进牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的成肌分化过程。本研究结果表明,干扰DCN可以显著促进牛骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖和成肌分化过程。研究结果为进一步开展MSTN对牛骨骼肌卫星细胞成肌分化的调控机制研究奠定了基础。     

基于模糊决策的自动节水喷灌控制器的设计

结合灌溉不易建立精确的数学模型和模糊控制决策不需要建立精确数学模型的特点，应用模糊逻辑设计了以AT89C51为核心的全自动模糊智能节水灌溉控制器，该控制器能根据检测到的土壤含水量和作物的需水情况进行模糊决策从而实现全自动智能灌溉。系统已经成功运行干曲阜示范区，收到了较好的经济和社会效益。     

砂岩山丘区坡改梯规划设计及其效益

实践证明，进行以坡改梯为中心的农田基本建设是砂岩山区“旱农”开发的最佳途径。按照目前旱作农业开发的技术要求和经济、技术条件，以及群众自力更生承包治理的承受能力。坡改梯必须坚持施工方便、省工、省料、进度快的小型工程设计标准。通过在泰安市砂岩山丘区５年的试验。结果表明：小型梯田可省工５０％，节省材料费４０％，治理速度提高近１倍；较坡耕地水保效益提高７５％以上，保肥效益提高８５％以上，汛期土壤含水率增加     

我国的山地灾害及其防治

山地灾害的发育分布及其危害程度与地质环境背景条件、气象水文及植被条件、人类经济工程活动及其强度等有着极为密切的关系。其中，地质条件是内因，不良气候条件是主要的诱发因素，不合理的人类经济工程活动使得地质灾害的发生频率和成灾强度不断增高。对此提出了灾害的防御措施，以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

单酶法RT-PCR检测马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒

根据Taq酶既有聚合酶活性又有反转录酶活性的特点，探索了只在Taq酶单独作用下完成RT－PCR反应的条件，以达到对马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（PSTV）的快速检测。结果表明，反转录阶段退火温度在37℃、循环数不少于10次的情况下，PCR扩增能得到一条相关特异带。经过嵌合式PCR证明，这条带为PSTV的特异带。与其他检测方法相比，用单酶法RT－PCR检测PSTV步骤简单，成本低廉。     

Design of Automobile-inertia-brake-testing-system Based on Electrical-inertia

The traditional Automobile-inertia -brake-testing-system adopts the Mechanical Inertia pan to imitate automobile the Moving Inertia. This kind of system volume is bigger than new one, more difficult in inertia adjusting, and lower in automation degree. Aiming at the problems, this paper puts forward the innovative design of Automobile-inertia-brake-testing-system based on electrical inertia. The mathematic model of the Mechanical Inertia is analyzed. To use the algorithm to control motor, the authors make the output inertia generated by the controlled motor can imitate the Mechanical Inertia, then apply electrical inertia to replace Mechanical Inertia .The simulation result shows that the design idea is correct and feasible, stronger in system rubustness, lower in cost, more accurate in control quality, and higher in automation level.     

Effects of Huanglian-jiedu decoction on TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and goblet cells of mucosa in rats with allergic rhinitis

AIM To investigate the effect of Huanglian-jiedu decoction （HLJD） on goblet cells and Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/nuclear factor （NF）-κB signaling pathway in allergic rhinitis rats. METHODS The rat model of allergic rhinitis was made by ovalbumin. The model rats were divided into model group, low-, medium- and high-dose HLJD groups, and positive control drug group. The rats in low-, medium- and high-dose HLJD groups were given different doses（5, 10 and 20 g/kg, respectively） of crude drug by intragastric administration, the rats in positive control group was given fluticasone propionate nasal spray （50 μg per side）, and the rats in control group and model group were given normal saline, once per day for 10 days. The behaviors were observed and scored after modeling and treatment, the weight of nasal secretion was measured after the treatment. The goblet cells in nasal mucosa were observed by periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining. The morphological changes of nasal mucosa were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The interleukin （IL）-4 and IL-5 levels in nasal mucosa were measured by ELISA. The mRNA levels of mouse calcium-activated chloride channel 3 （mCLCA3） and mucin 5AC （MUC5AC） were detected by RT-qPCR. The protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 was determined by Western blot. RESULTS After modeling, compared with control group, the behavioral scores in model group, low-, medium- and high-dose HLJD groups and positive control group were increased （P<0.05）. The eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in nasal mucosa were seriously infiltrated, inflammatory infiltration was obvious, and obvious small vessel dilatation and interstitial edema in model group were observed. With the increase in the dosage of HLJD, the lymphatic infiltration was obviously relieved, but the eosinophil and neutrophil infiltration still existed, and the inflammatory infiltration was relieved. Compared with control group, the behavioral score, nasal secretion, the relative proportion of goblet cells in the mucosa, the IL-4 and IL-5 levels, the mRNA levels of mCLCA3 and MUC5AC, and the protein expression of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 in the mucosa of model group were increased （P<0.05）. Compared with model group, the behavioral score, nasal secretion, the relative proportion of goblet cells in the mucosa, the IL-4 and IL-5 levels, the mRNA levels of mCLCA3 and MUC5AC, and the protein expression of TLR4 in the mucosa of low-, medium- and high-dose HLJD groups and positive control group were increased （P<0.05）, and the protein expression of NF-κB p65 in the mucosa of medium- and high-dose HLJD groups and positive control group was decreased （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION Huanglian-jiedu decoction reduces the relative proportion of goblet cells in the nasal mucosa of rats with allergic rhinitis, which may be achieved by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.     

表皮生长因子对绵羊子宫内膜上皮原代细胞增殖的影响

通过建立和完善绵羊子宫内膜上皮原代细胞体外培养技术,为研究绵羊母体和孕体之间的相互作用机制建立体外着床模型。采用组织块法分离培养子宫内膜上皮细胞,观察其生长情况,并比较不同表皮生长因子（EGF）浓度对子宫内膜上皮细胞增殖的作用效果。结果显示,组织块培养1~2 d后,组织周围迁出子宫内膜上皮细胞,长满60 mm培养皿需9~12 d;经差时消化法纯化后,F1代绵羊子宫内膜上皮细胞纯度可达90%以上,表明所获细胞可用于后续试验;F2代细胞在不同浓度EGF（0、12.5、25、50、75、100 ng/mL）下培养144、168 h,经检测在144 h,12.5、25和100 ng/mL浓度下D_{450 nm}值极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）,50 ng/mL浓度下显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,在168 h,12.5 ng/mL浓度下显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,因此,在12.5 ng/mL EGF作用下效果最佳;F3代细胞在0、12.5 ng/mL浓度下培养不同时间（24、48、72、96、120、144、168、192、216 h）,经检测D_{450 nm}值在144 h差异显著（P<0.05）,168 h后差异极显著（P<0.01）。因此,在培养液中添加12.5 ng/mL EGF可以更加高效、快速得到子宫内膜上皮细胞。