Identification of quantitative trait loci for agronomic and physiological traits in maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) under high-nitrogen and low-nitrogen conditions

Low-nitrogen (LN) tolerance is a compound character with a complex genetic basis. Many agronomic traits have been shown to be closely related to LN tolerance in maize. In this study, 150 F₇ recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between inbreds 178 and K12 were evaluated for agronomical and physiological traits under high-nitrogen (HN) and LN conditions in 2 years. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) was used to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits recorded under different treatments (LN and HN) in 2 years. In total, 86 QTLs were detected: 38 for HN and 35 for LN, while 13 QTLs were detected under both nitrogen levels, suggesting that LN-specific QTLs may play a role in improving LN tolerance in maize. Overlapping QTLs for different traits were located on all chromosomes except chromosome 4 and chromosome 9. Many of these regions overlapped with previously reported QTLs. Several consensus major QTLs and LN-specific major QTLs found in the study can be used in marker-assisted selection breeding for genetic improvement and LN tolerance in maize in the future.     

哈尔滨农民回迁居住区户外景观设计模式初探

回迁居住区是城市化推进的产物之一。回迁居民在这里的生活模式和物质环境都与其本来状态存在许多矛盾与冲突,使得回迁者常出现“回而不适”现象,对农民生活、心理产生极大负面影响。文章以哈尔滨市城郊失地失宅农民为研究对象,通过对哈尔滨市现有回迁居住区进行实地调研,总结出农民回迁者审美的特异性和行为活动需求及农民回迁居住区户外空间环境存在的主要问题,最后提出满足于哈尔滨失地失宅农民审美情趣及行为需求的农民回迁居住区户外空间设计策略,让农民回迁者有一定的家园感与归属感。     

人为能量投入对农田生态系统净初级生产力的影响——以鲁西南地区为例

为了确定影响农田生态系统固碳能力的影响因子,在收集2000—2006年鲁西南地区农业生产统计数据的基础上,分析了该地区农田人为能量投入现状,并利用回归和逐步回归的方法研究了鲁西南地区人为能量投入对农田生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响。结果表明：鲁西南地区农田人为能量投入中农膜的投入逐年增加,由2000年的14.6 kg/hm2增长到2006年的20.5 kg/hm2;化肥投入相对稳定(1200~1300 kg/hm2),但总量仍增加;农药的投入呈先增加后降低的趋势,2004年达到最高(11.03 kg/hm2);排灌机械、农用车辆的投入呈增长趋势,而单位面积劳动力的投入不断下降,2006年与2000年相比约减少0.65人/hm2。该地区农田生态系统NPP存在着东高西低的空间分布格局,历年均以东部（枣庄、济宁）高,平均NPP分别为616 g C/(m2?a)和588 g C/(m2?a),西部（菏泽）低,仅有448 g C/(m2?a);年际间呈现一定的波动性,但整体呈上升趋势。该地区农田NPP主要受人为能量投入的影响而与温度和降水的关系不大。单位面积化肥使用量、单位面积农膜使用量和农田灌溉比例在逐步回归模型中可以解释本区农田NPP方差的74.6%。因此,化肥、农膜、有效灌溉比等人为能量投入是影响该地区农田NPP提升的主要因素。     

Developing gene-tagged molecular markers for functional analysis of starch-synthesizing genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS), starch branching enzymes 1 (SBE1)and 3 (SBE3) are major enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Available sequences of Sbe1 and Sbe3 genes encoding corresponding SBE1 and SBE3 have been used to identify homologous regions from genome databases of both the indica rice 93-11 and the japonica rice Nipponbare. Sequence diversities were exploited to develop gene-tagged markers to distinguish an indica allele from a japonica allele for both Sbe1 and Sbe3 loci. With these newly developed gene-tagged markers and available Wx gene markers, the roles of these starch-synthesizing genes (Sbe1, Sbe3, and Wx) in determining amylose content (AC) in the rice endosperm were evaluated using a double-haploid (DH)population derived from a cross between the indica rice cv. Nanjing11 and the japonica rice cv. Balilla. Only the Wx and Sbe3 loci had significant effects on the AC variation. On average, indica Wx ^a genotypes showed ∼9.1% higher AC than japonica Wx ^b genotypes, while indica Sbe3 ^a genotypes showed ∼1.0% lower AC than japonica Sbe3 ^b genotypes. A significant interaction was also observed between Wx and Sbe3 loci whereby the amylose content was 0.3% higher in Sbe3 ^a than Sbe3 ^b genotypes in the presence of the Wx ^a allele, but it was lower by 2.3% in the presence of the Wx ^b allele. Overall, polymorphisms at the Wx and Sbe3 loci together could account for 79.1% of the observed AC variation in the DH population. The use of gene-tagged markers in marker-assisted selection and gene functional analysis was also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

干旱区20个紫花苜蓿品种抗旱性研究

该试验测定了20个苜蓿品种的水势、总含水量、自由水量、束缚水量、束/自比以及渗透调节物质.从植物水分生理与生化方面,测试各品种的抗旱性,并结合产草量、品质进行综合评价.从中选出5～6个抗旱性较强、产草量高、品质较好的苜蓿品种,为干旱区选择适宜的苜蓿品种提供具有实用价值的基础资料.     

Fe3+浸种对大豆种子萌发的影响

以浙春3号大豆为研究材料,设置了8个Fe3 浸种浓度(0mg/kg,0.001mg/kg,0.01mg/kg,0.1mg/kg,1mg/kg,10mg/kg,100mg/kg,1000mg/kg),研究了不同浓度的铁浸种处理对大豆种子萌发的影响.结果表明:以不同浓度Fe3 浸种后,大豆种子的发芽率、单株鲜重、发芽指数、活力指数均提高,外渗电导率降低.以0.1～100mg/kg最为适宜.     

城市功能区视角下的都市农区研究

为了科学规划城市农用地,有必要确立都市农区概念,研究都市农区的基本内涵、空间特征和地域类型。都市农区是指由城市空间内农用地构成的城市功能区,一般仅限于市辖区。相对理想化的都市农区的空间尺度大体上为200 hm²,宜以呈小集中大分散的空间形态融入城市功能组团。都市农区有城市化地区、准城市化地区、半城市化地区、浅城市化地区和城市生态敏感区5种地域类型。依据都市农区区位特征、资源禀赋与功能需求的差异性,合理配置依托城市、服务城市的多功能农业,是形成城乡经济社会发展一体化新格局对城市规划提出的重要新课题。     

棉花品種抗黄萎病的初步研究:

一、緒言棉花黄萎病是危害我國棉花生產的重要病害之一,分佈範圍很廣。幾年來在老棉區如:關中、晉南、冀東、遼陽等地黄萎病還在繼續擴展。據1956年關中棉區估計陝西經惠渠灌溉區,棉田發病率一般在30%左右,嚴重地區發病逹90%,估計平均減產20%,同時黄萎病也已在新疆新棉區發生,因此為着保證棉花生產,必須積極防治黄萎病。1955年植物保護會議决定棉花黄萎病的研究課题是鑑定病原,明確傅染途徑及寄主範圍,找出防治方法和抗病品種。我們感到棉花抗黄萎病品種的鑑定是尋找和培育抗病品種的基礎。必須組織各地試驗場所的力量,在統一計劃下,進行鑑定才能事半功倍。這個意見得到農業部棉產處,中央農業科學院等備處和各合作單位的支持,使棉花抗黄萎病品種的鑑定試驗得在遼陽、唐山、臨汾、涇陽等四個試驗站、華北科學研究所和北京農業大學(與中國科學院應用真菌學研究所合作)等六個地點同時進行,以期通過田間之試驗,比較各品種在不同地區抗病性的强弱,以了解各地黄萎病菌的差異,為選育抗病豈產品種而打下基礎。     

周期性测量方法探讨

本文就周期性测量中递推求精方法的可行性进行了一些探讨,并对两个典型实验推导出它们采用递惟求精方法的可行性判别式。     

应用采食模式改进蛋鸡饲喂制度研究

用40周龄 ISA 蛋鸡2116只,随机分为试验组和对照组,同幢鸡舍的2492只为大群组,根据基础日粮,均日喂二次,大群组日喂基础日粮四次,以研究对蛋鸡的影响。结果表明,试验组与对照组的产蛋率、蛋重及蛋的品质均无显著差异,但试验组的饲料成本减少14.74％,主要营养素蛋白质、能量和氨基酸的消耗也分别降低2.17％、2.92％和12.88％。作者认为,蛋鸡对饲料中营养素的利用能力,可能存在“时间节律”性因素的影响。