新疆渭干河——库车河三角洲绿洲天然植被生态需水研究

新疆渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲深居内陆,属于典型的大陆性干旱气候区,水资源缺乏,生态与环境脆弱,平原非灌区天然植被主要依靠汲取浅层地下水来满足其对水分的需求。本文利用遥感技术、水文地质调查等手段查明了研究区内的浅层地下水埋深和天然植被分布面积,应用GIS技术划定计算单元,利用典型地下水均衡试验场潜水蒸发和蒸腾试验成果确定各计算单元的潜水蒸发系数和植被系数,进而计算出现状条件下研究区域天然植被生态需水量为5.37×108m3,其中林灌地生态需水量为0.95×108m3,占17.71%,草地生态需水量为4.42×108m3,占82.29%。     

渭干河灌区水资源利用研究

渭干河灌区是位于中天山南麓的具有代表性的大型灌溉区,农业自然条件较好。本文通过分析渭干河灌区水资源开发利用现状,评价水资源特征、水土平衡和节水农业的潜力,探讨水资源开发利用中存在的问题,结合渭干河灌区农业发展水平、水资源开发现状和实施方案的可行性,为扩大灌区水资源环境容量,提高水资源承受能力,促进渭干河灌区可持续发展提出了切实可行的水资源可持续利用对策。     

新疆库车县耕地人口承载能力研究

库车县地处南疆腹地。由于库车县人口增长过快 ,造成耕地资源的过度利用 ,导致土地退化、环境恶化。因此 ,确定适当人口规模 ,对库车县耕地资源和干旱区绿洲生态环境保护至关重要。本文根据库车县光、温、水、土生产潜力 ,折算库车县耕地人口承载能力 ,试图确定在不同生活水平要求下库车县适当的人口规模 ,为库车县农业资源的合理开发利用提供参考依据     

焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆土壤理化性质

对焉耆盆地白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段和沙堆间低地土壤理化性质进行分析。结果显示:（1）白刺灌丛沙堆不同演化阶段土壤粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量均高于沙堆间低地,而土壤砂粒含量和pH值低于沙堆间低地;从白刺灌丛沙堆发育到稳定阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值逐渐降到最小值,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量达到最高值,从白刺灌丛沙堆稳定到活化阶段,土壤砂粒含量和pH值急剧增加,而粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量大幅度下降;（2）从整个剖面来看,由于白刺灌丛沙堆侵蚀和堆积的差异,随着深度的增加砂粒含量先减后增,而pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量先增后减;0—15 cm土层砂粒含量最高,而15—45 cm土层最低;0—15 cm土层pH值、粉砂、黏粒、有机质和养分含量最低,而15—45 cm土层最高;（3）白刺灌丛沙堆发育和活化阶段强烈的吹蚀不利于有机质的积累,白刺灌丛沙堆稳定后为降尘截存、凋落物积累和微生物的繁殖提供有力的保障,表层黏粒得以截存和地衣状薄层结皮形成,增加土壤的有机质和养分含量。     

Protected areas and native freshwater bivalves are not in the same place in south-east Brazil

1. Bivalves are important components of freshwater ecosystems; however, they are also one of the most threatened animal groups, especially members of the order Unionida. The main threats to freshwater bivalves are habitat modification and invasive species. Protected areas are a common way to minimize impacts and preserve native species, but they are rarely designated with a focus on freshwater invertebrates.
2. The main goal of this article was to describe the distribution of freshwater bivalves in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the relationship between these species and bioclimatic areas, land use and protected areas.
3. Five native and two invasive bivalve species have been reported in Rio de Janeiro. They occur mainly in bioclimatic areas related to the Paraíba do Sul River and Campista Lowlands. The few records of bivalves inside protected areas are in areas of sustainable use that offer a lower level of protection, and frequently in sympatry with invasive bivalves.
4. Thus, the established protected areas in Rio de Janeiro are not adequately effective for freshwater bivalve conservation, and some species remain under threat even within them. Freshwater bivalves thus remain largely unprotected in the state.
5. The development of new protected areas and management plans should consider other faunal groups that are usually ignored, such as freshwater bivalves, to achieve more inclusive and effective protection.