北京市蔬菜标准化基地存在的问题与对策研究

为推进农业标准体系落地,加快蔬菜的产业化进程,分析了北京市蔬菜产业及蔬菜标准化基地现状,汇总出推广基地标准化过程中存在的各种问题,并提出了提升农产品质量安全、推进蔬菜品牌建设等对策建议。     

栽培模式对稻米品质特性的影响

以超级稻组合88S/1128和常规优质稻品种湘晚籼17号为材料,探讨了不同栽培模式(旱作覆膜、水作覆膜、旱作不覆膜、常规栽培等)对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,2个品种一致表现为旱作覆膜栽培的糙米率、精米率最高,水作覆膜栽培的整精米率最高;同一品种不同栽培模式的粒长和长宽比无显著差异,但覆膜栽培的垩白粒率、垩白大小更高。88S/1128旱作覆膜与常规栽培相比,直链淀粉含量降低、胶稠度变小、糊化温度升高;而湘晚籼17号旱作覆膜与常规栽培相比,直链淀粉含量降低、胶稠度变大、糊化温度降低。2个品种蛋白质含量表现一致,均为旱作不覆膜常规栽培旱作覆膜水作覆膜。稻米品质性状变异度最大的为外观品质,其次为蒸煮食味品质,碾米品质变异度相对较小。     

Response dynamics of three defense related enzymes in cotton leaves to the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) herbivory and omethoate application

In order to explore the response dynamics of the activities of defense related enzymes in cotton leaves towards the interactive stress of Helicoverpa armigera herbivory and omethoate application, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), lipoxygenase(LOX), and polyphenol oxidase(PPO) were examined from 6 to 126 h after cotton leaves were treated 12 h of H. armigera herbivory, and then sprayed with 800 mg L–1 omethoate. The results showed that the changes in the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO that occured under the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application reflected the interactive effects of the two stresses on cotton defense. The similarity between the response dynamics of PAL, LOX, and PPO activities in cotton leaves under the interactive stress and that under H. armigera herbivory treatment alone showed that the induction of H. armigera herbivory on the activities of PAL, LOX and PPO in cotton leaves played a leading role in the interactive effects, and the effect of omethoate application played only a minor role. A joint factor analysis was performed according to a method which has been used to analyze the joint toxicity of pesticides; this analysis sought to clarify if there was a synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effect on PAL, LOX, and PPO activity in cotton leaves resulting from the interactive H. armigera herbivory and omethoate treatment. In the interactive effect on the response of PAL activity in cotton leaves, antagonistic effects of the omethoate application towards H. armigera herbivory were observed at 6 and 12 h. Synergistic effects were then observed at 18 and 30 h. Antagonistic effects were observed from 54 to 78 h and synergistic effects were finally observed at 126 h. The correlation between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application in the interactive effect on cotton defense responses of LOX activity also fluctuated from synergism to antagonism during the time course. In the interactive effect on PPO activity, only antagonism was observed between H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application. In the interactive stress of H. armigera herbivory and omethoate application on cotton defense responses, omethoate affected the defense responses of cotton to H. armigera herbivory by producing antagonistic and synergistic effects. These results will be useful to understand the relationship between host plant and herbivorous pest.     

基于单片机的林蛙养殖大棚用离子水喷雾消毒杀菌装置的设计与实现

基于强酸性离子水的灭菌特性,结合单片机技术、现代膜技术和传感器技术,研究设计了一种新型专用于现代林蛙养殖大棚的采用强酸性离子水喷雾消毒的装置。本装置控制系统以单片机为核心,配以电解控制电路、信号采集电路、驱动控制电路、声光报警电路,以实现整个消毒灭菌过程的智能化和自动化。实际应用表明,在中国林蛙温室养殖过程中,该装置确实能有效杀灭病原体,预防疾病,同时对林蛙生长无影响且不污染环境。     

盐碱胁迫对甜菜光合物质积累及产量的影响

【目的】分析盐碱胁迫对甜菜光合物质积累及产量的影响,研究盐碱胁迫对甜菜生长发育影响的过程,为甜菜抗盐碱栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用室外盆栽方法,按照NaCl∶Na₂SO₄∶Na₂CO₃∶NaHCO₃=1∶9∶1∶9比例配制成1 mol/L的混合盐碱溶液,各处理Na⁺浓度分别为0、0.5%、0.8%及1.0%,以甜菜品种HI0135、SD12830和MA11-8为材料,测定盐碱胁迫下甜菜的农艺性状、净光合速率(Pn)、生物量积累及产量。【结果】随着盐碱胁迫浓度的增加,HI0135的相关性状表现为先升高后下降,0~0.5%盐碱胁迫浓度对甜菜生长发育、光合物质生产及产量有促进作用;SD12830和MA11-8甜菜表现为持续抑制。【结论】HI0135甜菜品种在盐碱胁迫浓度为0.5%时表现出一定促进作用,对盐碱环境有较强的适应性。     

修枝高度对西南桦拟木蠹蛾为害的影响

以广西百色5年生西南桦人工幼林为研究对象,设置系列修枝高度开展西南桦修枝试验,调查修枝前以及修枝后3年内西南桦林分的拟木蠹蛾(Arbela spp.)为害状况,揭示修枝高度对拟木蠹蛾为害的影响。结果表明:修枝前以及修枝后3年内不同处理间西南桦林分总体感虫株率和受害单株虫口数无显著差异(p>0.05),但修枝后修枝段的感虫率和虫口数均低于对照(未修枝)相应区段,其中6m和7m修枝高度处理中修枝段感虫率与对照组相应区段差异均达显著水平(p<0.05);而且使拟木蠹蛾在树干上的集中分布段提升1.5m以上;说明合理修枝能够显著减轻修枝段的拟木蠹蛾危害,从而提高修枝段的木材质量,为西南桦优质大径材培育提供依据。     

玉米种子差速脱粒的单因素分析

为优化差速式玉米种子脱粒机脱粒系统的有关参数,进而降低玉米种子在脱粒过程中的损伤,以籽粒破碎率与未脱净率为主要性能指标,选取直辊转速、喂入量和籽粒含水率为试验因素,对差速式玉米种子脱粒机进行了单因素试验.分析结果表明:不同玉米品种的变化总趋势相似,都随直辊转速的增加而籽粒破碎率增加;直辊转速的增加在一定范围内对未脱净率有利;喂入量的增加会使脱粒效果变差,未脱净率增加; 籽粒含水率对破碎率的影响呈一元二次函数关系,籽粒含水率太大或太小对籽粒破碎率的影响都很大;随籽粒含水率的增加.籽粒未脱净率增加.研究成果为玉米种子差速脱粒的多因素综合试验提供了考察依据.     

微型自吸施涡管道泵的研制

针对市场要求，构思了一种新型结构的旋涡管道泵。文章了阐述其工作原理、自吸机理及水力设计方法，通过对样机20GL1.5-10-0.25试验结果进行分析，验证了该泵的设计方面的可取性和独到性。     

紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉产生多菌灵抗药性菌株的研究

多菌灵是植物病害防治中常用的化学杀菌剂,野生型哈茨木霉对多菌灵比较敏感。为了能够更好地将哈茨木霉菌应用于实践,本试验采用紫外线-氯化锂复合诱变的方法,实现哈茨木霉菌株对多菌灵的抗性改良。试验共获得315株正向突变菌株,其中hcb-35菌株抗性能力较强。利用毒力测定方法检测了多菌灵对hcb-35有效抑菌中浓度,及hcb-35对多菌灵的抗药遗传稳定性;并利用对峙试验及显微观察检测其抑菌能力。结果显示,与哈茨木霉出发菌株hc相比,多菌灵对哈茨木霉突变株hcb-35菌株的有效抑菌中浓度提升285%;连续转接12代后,hcb-35菌株抗药性相对稳定且抑菌效果较出发菌株无明显差异,表明应用紫外-氯化锂复合诱变哈茨木霉可以获得遗传稳定的耐多菌灵突变株。     

旋流泵菜籽-水两相流浓度特性实验与流场数值模拟

为探索旋流泵固液两相流内部流场及变浓度输送特性,分析了旋流泵固液两相流动基本原理及其特点。在32WB8-12型样机上完成输送清水及菜籽体积分数CV分别为6%、10%的外特性实验,得出泵流量-扬程、流量-轴功率、流量-效率和流量-临界汽蚀余量性能曲线。采用Mixture多相流模型及RNG k-ε湍流模型,对旋流泵在清水最优工况流量qv=9. 31 m~3/h下输送菜籽固液两相流流场进行了数值模拟,求解采用SIMPLE算法,得到3个轴面静压、速度矢量和固粒体积分数分布图。通过对比分析,数值模拟准确性得到了验证。综合分析了泵外特性变化与内部流场之间的定性因果关系,并提出了两相流泵优化设计改进措施。