2000-2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究

基于2000-2014年间植被生长季(4-10月)的MODIS NDVI数据反演浑善达克沙地地区植被覆盖变化,结合2000-2013年该地区周边11个气象站点的气温和降水数据,分别从年际变化和月变化角度分析该地区植被覆盖变化对气候变化的响应。研究表明,浑善达克沙地植被NDVI,不论是植被生长季平均值,还是其各月份值都呈上升趋势。研究区植被覆盖度的显著增加是气候和人为因素综合作用的结果, 一定程度上反映了生态恢复重建措施的有效性,但其植被NDVI年际变化趋势与降水量的关系更密切,其相关系数达到0.75,是驱动植被覆盖年际波动的最直接因素。在空间分布上,研究区的南部、中部和北部边缘区域的植被覆盖增加趋势较明显,而中部和西部部分区域未发生明显的趋势性变化。从月变化来看,4月草地植被变化受气温变化影响较明显;5-8月与前一月降水变化关系密切,说明植被生长对降水变化具有一定的滞后性。从沙地类型植被覆盖年际变化趋势看,所有类型都呈增加态势,增加态势最大的类型是移动沙地,最小的是固定沙地。     

Cefquinome Concentrations in Endometrium after Intrauterine Treatment of Cobactan 4.5%® in Mares and Inflammatory Response of the Endometrium to this Treatment

This study was conducted to measure the concentration of cefquinome in the endometrium of mares after intrauterine treatment and to evaluate associated inflammation. Mares (n = 14) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: (i) control (n = 4) were either not treated (n = 2) or received (n = 2) lactated Ringer's intrauterine for 1 or 3 days; (ii) treated mares (n = 10) received intrauterine cefquinome for 1 or 3 days. After at least 10 days had passed following the last treatment and ovulation, mares were given Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and were randomly assigned to an alternate treatment. Endometrial biopsy samples were taken at 2, 8, 24 and 48 h, or at 4, 12 and 36 h, after the last treatment. Biopsy samples were taken at the same time points from control mares (n = 2) and lactated Ringer-treated mares (n = 2). Cefquinome concentrations were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay and inflammation was assessed using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. Concentrations of cefquinome [559 (1 day) and 595 μg/g (3 days) at 2 h, and 403 (1 day) and 370 μg/g (3 days) at 4 h] were similar between treatment groups at 2 and 4 h after treatment (p > 0.05). At 8 h, as well as at 24 and 48 h, concentrations were greater in the 3-day group (17 vs 301 μg/g, 3 vs 80 μg/g and 0.1 vs 0.2 μg/g, respectively) (p < 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05) in the inflammatory response at 2–48 h after treatment were found between groups.     

Evaluation of the side-effects and thermal antinociceptive effects of intravenous hydromorphone in cats

Hydromorphone (H) may be an effective analgesic agent in cats, but fear of negative behavioral side‐effects associated with opioids is cited as a reason for avoiding this class of analgesics in cats. This study was designed to assess onset and duration of antinociception using an established feline thermal threshold model in cats, given an accepted clinical dose of 0.1 mg kg^?1 of H. In addition, cats were observed for changes in behavior and other side‐effects. Six adult cats from an established colony (four spayed females and two castrated males, 4.7–7.0 kg) received 0.1 mg kg^?1 H IV following establishment of baseline thermal threshold (TT) values. TT was tested at 15 minutes post‐injection, then at every 30–60 minutes for 12 hours. Side‐effects and behavior changes were recorded for 12 hours. Changes in TT over time were analyzed using a one‐way anova ; a p‐value <0.05 was considered significant. TT increased from a pre‐treatment value of (mean ± SD) 40.9 ± 1.65 °C to instrument cutout (55.5 °C) within 30 minutes for 5/6 cats. Mean TT was significantly elevated above baseline from 15 to 450 minutes after treatment. There was a significant increase in skin temperature from 15 to 300 minutes with peak increase of 1.55 °C at 135 minutes. Side‐effects included mydriasis (6/6) and nausea (4/6), characterized by licking, foaming, and gagging. Mydriasis occurred within 10–30 seconds of injection and persisted for 5–7 hours. Nausea was noted within 2 minutes of injection and persisted for 30–90 minutes; no vomiting occurred. Commonly observed behavioral changes included ventral tail curl (6/6 cats, onset 5–45 minutes, duration 4–5 hours) and euphoria (5/6 cats, onset <6 minutes for 4/6, duration 1–6 hours). 2/6 cats were profoundly sedate. Three cats showed signs of dysphoria with or without increased motor activity with variable onset and duration. Dysphoric behavior included staring, pacing, vocalizing, and sudden movements. 3/6 cats exhibited both euphoria and dysphoria at different times during the study. At no time were cats difficult to restrain or work with. Return to baseline behavior occurred 7–8.5 hours post‐injection. Mydriasis did not correlate closely with antinociception. Signs of sedation and euphoria corresponded with onset of antinociception, but not duration. Tail curl signs correlated with antinociception. In this model, H proved to be a rapid acting, potent, analgesic with a long (7.5 hours) duration of action. The most common behavioral changes noted were ventral tail curl, euphoria, and sedation. Mydriasis and nausea were noted as side‐effects.     

两种人工栽培藏茵陈生物学特性的研究

通过椭圆叶花猫(Halenia elliptica D.Don)、四数獐牙菜(Swertia tetraptera maxim)的人工栽培试验表明:两种藏茵陈植物都为两年生草本,第一年仅以叶簇形态生枝条不伸长,只进行营养生长,生长第二年枝条才开始伸长,开花结实后完成生活史;两种藏茵陈播种时间都以秋播为宜,有利于自然通过低温春化作用打破种子休眠,促进翌年春天种子萌发,显著提高田间出苗率;两种藏茵陈通过人工栽培,其茎、叶都比野生植物生长高大、粗壮,可大幅提高生药产量,是保护珍稀野生植物资源的有效途径之一;两种藏茵陈50%以上的种子在土壤中有较长期的休眠特性,一般在一年中的春秋两季萌发,所以适当增加播种量第二年后可使田间一年、二年生植株同时生长,对生药生产可连年持续收获产品,免去了对土壤的耕、翻、耙、种等作业,从而可有效降低栽培成本。     

Evaluation of Cluster Bean Meal Cyamposis fefrugonoloba as a Dietary Protein Source for Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Abstract— A12-wk feeding experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of utilizing cluster bean seed meal (CBM) as a replacement for fishmeal in the diets for common carp Cyprnus carpio fingerlings. The replacement levels of cluster bean meal protein in the diets were 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total fishmeal protein. All diets were isonitrogenous at 33.1% crude protein and isocaloric at 4.8 Kcal/g. There were significant differences in the final individual weights, weight gains, specific growth rates (SGR %/d), feed conversion ratios (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratios (PER), and feed intake among fish group ( P × 0.05). Common carp fed the diet containing 50% (CBM) exhibited comparable growth to those fed a fishmeal-based diet. Digestibility of protein, energy and lipid decreased with increasing levels of CBM above 50% of total fishmeal replacement in the diet. Incorporation of CBM in diets significantly affected the dry matter, protein, and energy of whole fish body. These results suggest that CBM can replace 50% of the fishmeal in diet for common carp.