浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂对柞蚕灰卵的寄生选择与适应性

为明确柞蚕Antheraea pernyi灰卵(工厂化繁育赤眼蜂过程中广泛存在的一种感病寄主卵)对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi寄生选择与适应性及其繁育子代蜂寄生能力的影响,以柞蚕灰卵作为供试寄主,健康卵作为对照,在无选择和双向选择条件下研究松毛虫赤眼蜂对其的寄生选择与适应性,并比较灰卵和健康卵繁育的子代蜂对0、1、2、3日龄米蛾Corcyra cephalonica卵的寄生能力。结果表明,在无选择条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰卵上的寄生率、羽化率、单卵出蜂数和总蜂数分别为30.0%、54.1%、39.3头和48.7头,而在健康卵上分别达到96.0%、93.0%、82.5头和96.8头。在双向选择条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰卵上的寄生率、羽化率、单卵出蜂数和总蜂数分别为33.3%、27.1%、24.7头和52.2头,而在健康卵上分别为68.0%、86.3%、60.6头和74.2头。在无选择和双向选择条件下,松毛虫赤眼蜂在灰卵和健康卵上的发育历期和后代雌性比均不存在显著差异,但灰卵繁育的子代蜂对1、2日龄米蛾卵的寄生数则显著低于健康卵繁育的子代蜂,且后者对米蛾卵的寄生数随着米蛾卵日龄的增加呈逐渐下降趋势,而灰卵繁育的子代蜂对0、3日龄米蛾卵的寄生数要显著高于1、2日龄的。表明柞蚕灰卵会对松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄主选择与适应性以及子代蜂的寄生能力产生不良影响。     

福建病圃与大田稻瘟菌群体遗传谱系和毒性类型的比较

用rep-PCR方法分析了病圃和大田的稻瘟菌的遗传谱系组成,并在CO39NILs6个近等基因系品种上进行毒性类型分析。结果表明,不同群体之间的遗传谱系和毒性类型均不完全相同,福建稻瘟菌群体在年度间存在明显的优势谱系,1999、2000年的优势谱系均为CFL03,2001年为CFL07;两个季节中的谱系类型组成差异小,早季病圃和大田及晚季大田优势谱系均为CFL07。年度间病圃与大田的毒性类型组成和优势类型都有很大的变化,1999年病圃的优势毒性类型为I20.1,而2000年则为I24.1和I34.1两个类型;毒性类型I1.1、I5.1、I11.1、I26.1和I35.0只在1999年出现,而毒性类型I4.1和I14.1只在2000年出现。两个季节中病圃的毒性类型组成有所差异,早季有1个毒性类型(I35.1)在晚季未出现,晚季有4个毒性类型(I10.1、I31.1、I32.1、I21.1)在早季中未出现,优势毒性类型早季的I14.1变为晚季的I20.1,毒性类型组成也有很大差异,且晚季的比早季的丰富。     

大麦黄花叶病毒(BaYMV)机械接种的初步研究

 大麦黄花叶病毒的机械接种一般发病率较低,为提高其发病率,我们进行了缓冲液种类、用量,接种源种类,接种时苗龄,按种后苗培育时的温度、光照强度和时数等因素的研究。     

微滴式数字PCR定量检测鸡毒支原体方法的建立

为建立微滴式数字PCR（droplet digital PCR,ddPCR）定量检测鸡毒支原体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum,MG）方法,以MG的mgpc基因序列为目的序列,在其保守区域内设计合成了1对特异性引物和1条探针,通过各反应条件优化,建立了检测MG的ddPCR方法,并测定了建立方法的特异性、敏感性以及重复性。结果显示：建立方法的最佳引物浓度为20 μmol/μL,探针浓度为10 μmol/μL,退火温度为55 ℃;该方法只检出MG,没有检出鸡滑液囊支原体、禽衣阿华支原体、禽流感病毒、鸡新城疫病毒、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、禽脑脊髓炎病毒、禽偏肺炎病毒、禽呼肠孤病毒、鸡沙门氏菌和鸡大肠杆菌,且相互间没有交叉反应;本方法最低检测MG重组质粒标准品的检测限为3.9拷贝/μL。重组质粒标准品浓度在3.9~41 025拷贝/μL范围内,绘制的ddPCR绝对定量曲线与测得值呈良好的线性关系（R2 = 0.999）;3次重复检测试验结果的变异系数均小于5%。对采集的60份病鸡喉拭子、气囊拭子及肺样品进行MG检测,结果ddPCR方法的阳性检出率（15.0%）高于荧光定量PCR方法（13.3%）。结果表明,本研究建立的ddPCR方法定量检测MG特异性强,灵敏度高,重复性好,为绝对定量检测MG提供了技术手段。     

基于BP神经网络的工业生态安全动态评价及障碍因子诊断

[目的]对安徽省工业生态安全进行评价和预测,为安徽省工业生态安全可持续发展提供科学依据.[方法]基于压力、状态、响应框架和生态、环境、经济、社会框架构建工业生态安全评价指标体系,采用聚类工具进行安全等级划分,结合熵权法和综合指数法评价2009-2018年安徽省工业生态安全水平,运用BP神经网络模型对2019-2025年...     

不同生物刺激剂对鲜食玉米产量和品质的影响

为研究生物刺激剂对玉米的增产提质效果,试验探讨不同生物刺激剂对玉米的产量和品质方面的影响,为鲜食玉米的优质高产栽培提供技术支撑。以鲜食玉米‘钱江糯3号’为试验品种,以3种生物刺激剂（阿美滋、美基、保康灵1号）为供试药剂,设置6个处理（阿美滋1000倍液、阿美滋1500倍液、阿美滋2000倍液、美基3000倍液、保康灵1号300倍液、清水对照）,研究大田常规施肥水平下药剂对‘钱江糯3号’的经济性状、产量及品质的影响。在阿美滋1500倍液喷施下,玉米的行粒数、单穗鲜重和单穗净重、产量均最高,蛋白质含量、粗纤维含量、还原糖含量、淀粉含量均居第3位;在保康灵1号300倍液喷施下,玉米的穗粗最高,单穗鲜重、单穗净重、产量均居第2位,蛋白质含量最高,脂肪含量最低,还原糖含量居第2位。阿美滋1500倍液在增加玉米产量上是最佳选择,保康灵1号300倍液则对提升玉米品质最有效果。建议生产上将阿美滋1500倍液与保康灵1号300倍液配合施用,这对鲜食玉米的增产提质效果最好。     

县域农技推广区域站站长选拔案例研究——基于迁安市的调查

为完善县域农技推广区域站管理制度,基于归因理论,并以迁安市为研究案例,调查迁安市8个农技推广区域站站长选拔现状,发现存在着选拔方式不合理、分值比例不协调、选拔标准不完善等问题;提出通过构建指标体系并完善选拔方式,以改进县域农技推广区域站站长选拔的制度设计。     

Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on growth performance,intestinal antioxidative capacity,immunity, and intestinal microbiota in yellow-feathered chickens

Essential oils are plant-derived aromatic volatile oils, and they contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to improve poultry nutrition. In this study, we investigated the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) on intestinal antioxidative capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota of young yellow-feathered chickens. A total of nine hundred and sixty 1-d-old female Qingyuan partridge chickens were randomly allocated to four treatment groups with six replicates of 40 birds each, and the feeding trial was lasted for 30 d. The controls were fed on a basal diet without in-feed antibiotics; the birds in the antibiotic group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 20 mg/kg virginiamycin; the remaining birds were fed the basal diet containing 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO, respectively. Dietary supplementation with 150 or 300 mg/kg OEO increased average daily feed intake (P = 0.057) and average daily gain (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidative capacity in plasma, jejuna, and ileal mucosa were increased by OEO supplementation (P < 0.05), with a trend of lower jejunal content of malonaldehyde (P = 0.062). Moreover, dietary OEO increased the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (P = 0.078) and the relative expression of Claudin 1, Mucin 2, and Avain beta-defensin 1 in ileum (P < 0.05). Sequencing data of 16S rRNA indicated that dietary OEO increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus genera, and decreasing that of Romboutsia. Functional analyses indicated that microbial amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, replication, and repair systems were higher in OEO groups than those of controls and antibiotic treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OEO enhanced growth performance, alleviated local oxidative stress in intestine, improved production of natural antibodies, and favorably modulated intestinal microbiota composition.     

Physiological response of one of South Africa’s premier freshwater sport angling species,the Orange-Vaal smallmouth yellowfish Labeobarbus aeneus,to catch-and-release angling

The practice of catch-and-release fishing has been widely promoted by angling fraternities as a fisheries manage- ment tool. The aim of this investigation was to determine the physiological response of Orange-Vaal smallmouth yellowfish, Labeobarbus aeneus, to catch-and-release angling in the Vaal River, South Africa. Fish were collected using standard fly-fishing techniques, anaesthetised in clove oil and blood was drawn from the caudal vein; thereafter the fish were weighed, measured, revived and released. Blood plasma was analysed for concentra- tions of glucose, cortisol and lactate to determine the effects of angling duration, fish size and water tempera- ture. Larger fish were angled for a longer duration compared with smaller fish. Levels of glucose were affected by water temperature (influenced by time of year). Plasma glucose concentrations decreased with greater angling duration. Few individuals (n = 12) showed increased plasma cortisol concentrations. In extended-capture fish (angled for >1 min), lactate concentrations increased significantly above values for rapid-capture fish (angled for >30 s). These data suggest that catch-and-release causes physiological stress to fish, but nonetheless this practice can be a valuable fisheries management tool to ensure the sustainability of fish populations. Other factors beyond the ‘angling’ time are likely to contribute to physiological disruptions in homeostasis and therefore handling and air exposure of angled fish should be included in future catch-and–release angling studies. In addition, the longer-term impact of angling on fish health should also be determined.