Immune response of poults following intranasal inoculation with Artvax vaccine and a formalin-inactivated Bordetella avium bacterin

Poults 3 weeks and older developed temporary tracheal resistance to intranasal challenge following inoculation of either Artvax vaccine or formalin-inactivated Bordetella avium bacterin by the intranasal and eyedrop routes. Resistance usually persisted for 3-4 weeks after B. avium challenge. However, with constant exposure to infected controls, the vaccinated birds eventually developed tracheal infection. Day-old poults did not respond to either the Artvax or the bacterin and were completely susceptible to challenge. Two-week-old poults responded to some degree, but poults 3 weeks old and older responded best. Poults inoculated with bacterin by aerosol or by drinking water did not respond as well as those inoculated by the intranasal and eyedrop routes. When poults were given a single subcutaneous injection at 3 weeks of age and challenged 2 weeks later, three of five resisted infection for 18 days.     

Surgical techniques for the liver and biliary tract

Surgical treatment of hepatic and biliary disease requires a thorough knowledge of pertinent anatomy and pathophysiology. Proper attention to both preoperative and postoperative care is important. This article describes many of the more common surgical manipulations of the liver and biliary tract, as well as pre- and postoperative considerations.     

Drugs and the liver

The authors discuss the liver's influence on drug disposition in the body and the influence of drugs on the liver. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity with regard to mechanisms and causative agents is discussed, as well as administration of drugs to patients with existing liver disease.     

Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: an epidemiological perspective.

Epidemiological studies on bovine ocular carcinoma were reviewed. Reports on the frequency and the distribution of the disease indicate that it is still a very prevalent and economically important disease. It is recognized throughout North America, but is more frequent in lower latitudes under range conditions. Etiological factors including ultraviolet light, circumocular apigmentation and viruses, as well as the pathogenesis, are considered in light of current knowledge on carcinogenesis of this tumor. It is likely that the induction of bovine ocular carcinoma is multifactorial and the precise roles played by each of the various factors are not yet understood.     

Microtechnique for quantitative platelet isolation from blood enabling electronic counting and sizing of animal and human platelets

A technique for rapidly separating platelets from small quantities of whole blood is described. The isolation method allowed for counting and sizing platelets by electronic means, and counts with this new method were closely correlated with those obtained by phase microscopy. Platelet sizing was possible because of the inert and isotonic nature of the density-gradient medium used in the procedure. The technique was applicable to samples of blood from persons, horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The isolation of platelets from whole blood of various species of animals was necessary for electronic counting because of the great variation in sizes of platelets and erythrocytes and the variable sedimentation properties of animal blood.     

Congenital lobar emphysema in two dogs

Congenital lobar emphysema is described in two dogs. The condition was characterized by progressive dyspnoea and cyanosis from a very young age. There was marked expiratory effort, and wheezing and crackling were evident on auscultation. Radiographic examination revealed overdistension and emphysema of the right middle lobe with displacement of the heart and mediastinum to the opposite side. The pathology and possible treatments are discussed.     

Infection of early bovine embryos with bovine herpesvirus-1

Recently hatched bovine embryos were exposed in vitro to 1 of 4 strains of bovine herpesvirus-1 to determine whether the viruses would replicate in these embryos and, if so, what pathologic consequences would ensue. Exposure to each of the viruses resulted in embryonic infection and death, and replication of the agents was demonstrated by electron microscopy and titration of progeny virus. There were no dramatic differences between virus strains in pathogenicity or in the ultrastructural pathologic findings of infection.     

Safety and efficacy of clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin in pigeons (Columba livia)

Pigeons treated orally with 125 mg clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin for seven days showed no adverse reactions. The drug had a marked depressive effect on the faecal flora but this had returned to normal 10 days after cessation of treatment. When administered to pigeons with an experimental Staphylococcus aureus infection of the feet no clinical response was apparent and there was no evidence of a diminution in the inflammatory process.