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121.
Estimation of actual evapotranspiration for a drip-irrigated Merlot vineyard using a three-source model 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
A study was performed in order to evaluate the three-source model (Clumped model) for direct estimation of actual evapotranspiration
(ETa) and latent heat flux (LE) over a drip-irrigated Merlot vineyard trained on a vertical shoot positioned system (VSP) under
semi-arid conditions. The vineyard, with an average fractional cover of 30%, is located in the Talca Valley, Region del Maule,
Chile. The performance of the Clumped model was evaluated using an eddy covariance system during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008
growing seasons. Results indicate that the Clumped model was able to predict ETa with a root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and model efficiency (EF) of 0.33, −0.15 mm day−1 and 74%, respectively. Also, the Clumped model simulated the daytime variation of LE with a RMSE of 36 W m−2, MBE of −8 W m−2, and EF of 83%. Major disagreement (underestimated values) between observed and estimated values of ETa was found for clear days after rainfall or foggy days, but underestimated values were less than 10% of the data analysis.
The results obtained in this study indicate that the Clumped model could be used to directly estimate vine water requirements
for a drip-irrigated vineyard trained on a VSP. However, application of the Clumped model requires a good characterization
of the drip-irrigated vineyard architecture. 相似文献
122.
Abstract: Heterosigma akashiwo virus (HaV) is a large icosahedral virus (∼0.2 μm) harboring a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome (∼294 kbp). The virus is the only member of the genus Raphidovirus in the family Phycodnaviridae. Since its first discovery, a number of ecologic, physiologic and genetic studies about HaV have been conducted; especially, the relationship between H. akashiwo and HaV in nature was studied and viral infection is now regarded as a significant factor influencing the dynamics and termination of H. akashiwo blooms. HaV infection has considerable impacts on H. akashiwo populations in both aspects of fluctuation in biomass (quantity) and changes in clonal composition (quality). Partial sequencing of the HaV genome revealed that a number of genes showed considerable similarity to those of other protist-infecting viruses; still, the phylogenetic position of HaV suggested a number of enigmas in host–virus coevolution. Here are summarized the ecology, physiology and genetics of HaV especially from the viewpoint of the host–virus relationship. 相似文献
123.
Akihiro Okamura Yoshiaki Yamada Noriyuki Horie Tomoko Utoh Naomi Mikawa Satoru Tanaka Katsumi Tsukamoto 《Fisheries Science》2008,74(3):642-648
ABSTRACT: The effects of silvering state of wild female Japanese eels Anguilla japonica on the success of induced maturation and the following spawning were examined. Thirty-eight females, collected in Mikawa Bay, were divided into four stages based on their silvering state: yellow (Y1), late-yellow (Y2), silver (S1) and late silver eels (S2). Despite injections of salmon pituitary extract (SPE) through the standard technique, Y1 and Y2 eels did not respond to the treatment with undeveloped gonad (gonad-somatic index [GSI]: 0.3–0.9), and all these females died by 5 weeks, probably due to an abnormal physiological condition. Most S1 (81%) and S2 eels (100%) matured completely (GSI: 17.8–51.4), and finally spawned successfully (69% for S1, 89% for S2). S2 eels fully matured with oocytes of over 750 μm in diameter by significantly smaller number of injections of SPE (5–6 times) than the case of S1 eels (6–8 times). The amount of eggs released by S2 eels (0.65 ± 0.11 g/fish per body weight [BW]) was significantly larger than those by S1 eels (0.54 ± 0.09 g/fish per BW). There was no difference in fertilization and hatching rates between eggs released by S1 eels and those of S2 eels. These results indicate that the success of induced maturation and spawning in wild female Japanese eels depends on their silvering state, and matured eggs can be obtained efficiently through the use of S2 eels rather than other stages. 相似文献
124.
ABSTRACT: Thermal limits, induced thermotolerance and the expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in an echinoderm Apostichopus japonicus were studied. The sublethal and lethal temperatures for the juveniles were 30 and 34°C, respectively; a previous sublethal heat shock exposure (30°C, 2 h) could increase the survival rates of the sea cucumbers when they were exposed to 34°C. This induced thermotolerance could last for at least 2 days. Levels of Hsp70 increased substantially after sublethal heat shock exposure and linearly decreased with time. This result indicated that a close relationship existed between the induction of thermotolerance and the levels of Hsp70 in A. japonicus. 相似文献
125.
126.
ABSTRACT: In the present study, the role of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and Na/K-ATPase in the gill and epidermal tissues in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was examined as a function of molting stage. CA activity levels in the front and back gills were low at the intermolt stage C0 , but increased significantly at premolt stage D3 , and then decreased after molting. In the epidermal tissue, activity levels decreased gradually towards premolt to a minimum level at stage D3 , but became elevated at postmolt stages A and B. Na/K-ATPase levels in the front and back gills did not change significantly during the molt cycle. CA in the gill is possibly involved in supplying counter-ions for ion uptake, while CA in the epidermal tissue may play a role in mineralizing the exoskeleton after ecdysis. Na/K-ATPase in the gills may function in ion uptake from the ambient medium; however, since its activity was not influenced by the molt cycle, it probably does not have a major role in osmoregulation in the freshwater environment. 相似文献
127.
Yoshimasa Sugiura Kohji Matsuda Takashi Okamoto Makoto Kakinuma Hideomi Amano 《Fisheries Science》2008,74(1):180-186
To investigate the anti-allergic effects of the brown alga Eisenia arborea. A strain of Brown Norway rats know to strongly respond to immunoglobulin E (IgE) were used as an allergy model animal. The
rats were immunized with ovalbumin by oral administration. The levels of serum IgE and histamine were suppressed in the rats
fed a diet supplemented with dried E. arborea powder. As for the cytokine pattern, the interferon-γ production in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) was enhanced,
and the interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in the spleens and/or IL-10 production in the spleens and MLN were suppressed. These
results, together with the change in the Th1/Th2 balance, indicate that the rats fed with E. arborea became more anti-allergic, suggesting that E. arborea might possess anti-allergic effects. 相似文献
128.
ABSTRACT: The thermal stability of carp G-actin was investigated by monitoring loss of actin polymerization ability. To determine the amount of native actin remaining after heat treatment, actin was labeled with a fluorescence reagent, N-(1-pyrene)iodoacetamide. The loss of polymerization ability of carp actin during heat treatment, at between 45 and 55°C, occurred faster than that of chicken actin. The inactivation rate was influenced by concentrations of ATP and Ca2+ in solution. With the increase of Ca2+ concentration, the inactivation of carp actin was markedly suppressed. Furthermore, the activation energy of the inactivation of carp actin obtained from an Arrhenius plot was similar to that of chicken actin. These results indicated that the thermal instability of carp G-actin was due to the low affinites of ATP and Ca2+ for carp actin described in a previous report. 相似文献
129.
The present study examines the pattern of accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its biochemical effects on selected tissues of
a variety of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), after exposure to various doses of Cd. The results obtained indicate that at the end of 21 days of exposure, the total
tissue organ cadmium concentration followed the pattern kidney > gill > liver > muscle for each of the exposure concentrations.
The levels of Cd in these organs were higher than those in ambient water. Moreover, while the rate of uptake of Cd increased
with time in the kidney, liver and muscle, it decreased in the gill. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly elevated
only in the kidney of catfish treated with 0.2 and 0.4 ppm of Cd for 7 days compared with the control. Conversely, gill SOD
was significantly decreased in the same concentrations of Cd-treated catfish relative to the control. Statistically similar
levels of SOD were observed in the liver, brain and muscle with all the treatments after the same duration of treatment. In
the fish exposed for 21 days, SOD activity was significantly decreased in the kidney with a corresponding increase in lipid
peroxidation (LPO), but it manifested only with the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm Cd treatment relative to the control. In the liver, however,
Cd exposure significantly increased SOD in the 0.2- and 0.4-ppm treatments of the same duration. In conclusion, the present
study indicates that the accumulation of Cd and its effect on SOD and LPO in C. gariepinus is dependent on concentration, tissue and time 相似文献
130.
Differential HSP90α expression in fish hepatocytes from polluted estuary during summer 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α), plays an important role in protein folding, degradation of denatured
proteins and steroid activation. It is essential for the maintenance of cellular integrity and survival when induced in response
to environmental, physical and chemical stresses. In the present investigation the effect of environmental stress on HSP90α
expression was examined in grey mullet Mugil cephalus living in either a contaminated (Ennore) or uncontaminated (Kovalam) estuary over two seasons: Hepatocytes were isolated
from grey mullet of both estuaries. Oxidative stress was determined along with HSP90α in these fish. Additionally, immunohistochemical
changes were studied to confirm the HSP90α expression. Comparison of the results revealed enhanced hepatocyte oxidative stress
and HSP90α expressions in fish from Ennore to a significant extent than fish from Kovalam. Also, the results showed significant
seasonal variations with maximum expression observed during summer compared to the monsoon season. Overexpression of HSP90α
in hepatocytes exposed to chronic environmental stress by pollutants may confer differential effects on cell survival by protecting
against oxidative stress induced changes. The results also indicate that seasonal variations have significant effect on the
HSP90α expression. 相似文献