岩溶山地石漠化地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤物理性状分析

分析研究了重庆市北暗区岩溶槽谷鸡公山地区不同土地利用方式下的土壤主要物理性质,认为随着岩溶地区土地由自然林地向草坡地、人工林地、菜地、耕地转换,土壤砂化严重,土壤容重增加,总孔隙度,尤其是非毛管孔隙度明显降低,用干筛测得的各不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体结构相差不大,而用湿筛测得的土壤水稳性团聚体相差较大,团聚体结构破坏率较大。随着岩溶地区土地由菜地、耕地向撂荒地转换,土壤各项物理指标都有改善。在此基础上认为,土壤物理性质的变坏与石漠化形成过程有相互促进的正反馈关系,在退化方向和阶段上具有一致性和同步性,但土地撂荒后可以较大程度的减少水土流失。     

长期免耕水稻田土壤的生物特征研究

对经过 10年半旱式免耕定位试验的水稻土主要微生物类群数量和微生物生物量的变化进行对比研究 ,结果表明 :实行半旱式厢作及垄作免耕法能够迅速地提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效氮、磷的水平 ;微生物数量和微生物生物量变化一般存在季节性规律 :春季高 ,夏季至夏末降低 ;各处理土体上层和下层 (0～ 7.5 cm,7.5～15 cm)的基本肥力特征及微生物特征无明显区别 ;免耕处理土壤 ,其微生物的季节性变幅较小 ,垄上或厢上土壤微生物生物量甚至表现反季节性 ,整个生长季节内稳中有升 ,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和土壤肥力的发挥     

Recovery of pigments from Origanum majorana L. by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide

Extraction of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) with supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The aim of this study was to map the effects of extraction pressure and temperature on the yield of coloring materials by applying a 3(2) full factorial design with three repeated tests in the center of the design. For comparison, laboratory and pilot plant Soxhlet extractions were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The compositions of pigments in marjoram extracts were determined by HPLC. Similar amounts of carotenoids, in addition to 40% of chlorophylls and their derivatives, were recovered from the supercritical fluid extraction, in comparison to the ethanol Soxhlet extraction.     

Use of reverse micelles for the simultaneous extraction of oil, proteins, and glucosinolates from cruciferous oilseeds

Cruciferous oilseeds are important sources of oil, proteins, and glucosinolates (GLs), potentially available when biorefinery processes are used. The proposed extraction technology is based on the use of reverse micelles (RMs) made with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) dispersed in organic solvent. The physicochemical properties of this extraction system and the good water solubility of many high value compounds, such as GLs and some proteins, permit the simultaneous extraction of oil, and these products from cruciferous oilseed meals. This procedure is based on three main steps: (i) seed conditioning; (ii) solid-liquid extraction by RM solution; and (iii) back-transfer of the RM solution for recovery of the extracted compounds. The method makes it possible to simultaneously extract almost the same amount of oil as with pure organic solvents used in the current extraction plants and more than 90% of soluble proteins and GLs. It is a promising biorefinery technology alternative to traditional oil extraction processes.     

Integrated evaluation of different electromagnetic impacts on biological properties of soils in southern Russia

An integral estimation of the effect of γ radiation at doses of 1, 5, 10, and 20 kGy, microwave radiation of 800 W, and an alternating magnetic field of industrial frequency (50 Hz) on biological properties of soils in southern Russia was performed on the basis of the integral index of the biological soil status (IIBSS). By the degree of resistance to an alternating magnetic field estimated from the IIBSS value, the soils of southern Russia formed the following series: brown forest soil > chernozem ≥ soddy-calcareous soil ≥ gray sandy soil. By the resistance to microwave radiation estimated from the IIBSS value, the soils formed the following series: gray sandy soil > chernozem > chestnut soil ≥ brown forest soil.     

信阳土壤锌的现状及杂交水稻施锌技术研究

信阳地区位于河南省南部,土壤类型有黄棕壤、黄褐土、潮土、水稻土等。通过土壤普查,发现全区土壤表层速效锌含量普遍偏低,土壤缺锌已成为限制作物产量和品质的重要障碍因素。1994～1996年我们在对信阳土壤锌的现状进行分析的基础上,对杂交水稻施锌技术作了系统试验,结果表明,杂交水稻锌肥耖口基施30～45kg／hm2和蘸秧根3～9kg／hm2增产效果十分显著。     

水稻白叶枯病菌拮抗细菌B56菌株的拮抗活性研究

B56 菌株经30 ℃振荡培养去菌体,其上清液经2 m ol/L 硫酸铵沉淀获得对水稻白叶枯病菌有拮抗活性的初提液。该初提液具有耐热性,经一定强度热处理后仍保持强的抑菌能力;抑菌效果在pH3～9 之间无明显差异;用胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K 等处理后拮抗活性无明显变化。利用PhenylSepharose CL-4B疏水色谱柱和DEAE-Sephacel阴离子交换柱分离B56 菌株初提液, 得到一个具有拮抗活性的洗脱峰。该洗脱峰经SDS-PAGE检测发现具有一条分子量约为36 kD 的蛋白带。质粒提取和检测发现B56菌株存在一个稳定的内源质粒。     

黄土高原地区秋粮作物生产潜力模拟研究

应用 DSSAT3中的 CERES-谷子模型、CROPGRO-大豆模型和 SU BSTOR-马铃薯模型分别模拟研究了黄土高原 2 8个地点谷子、大豆和马铃薯的光温生产潜力 (TPP)和气候生产潜力 (CPP) ,获得了各点 6～ 15年各作物的产量潜力值 ,并统计计算了研究时段内各作物生产潜力的平均值、标准差、最高值、最低值和水分满足率 (WCR)。     

去氢枞酸衍生物生物活性研究新进展

去氢枞酸是一种重要的松香衍生物,化学结构中含有苯环及多个手性中心,其衍生物表现出广泛的生物活性,在医药及农药等领域有着重要的用途.根据去氢枞酸的结构特点,通过对羧基进行典型的羧基反应,如酯化、成酰氯、还原成胺、还原成醇及脱羧降解等,以及对芳环进行亲电取代、去异丙基等,合成了一系列具有生物活性的衍生物.主要从羧基改性衍生物生物活性、芳环改性衍生物生物活性两个方面,综述了近几年来去氢枞酸衍生物生物活性研究新进展.     

丙烯海松双酰基硫脲衍生物的合成及抑菌活性研究

松香与丙烯酸通过Diels-Alder双烯加成反应得到丙烯海松酸,丙烯海松酸经酰氯化和硫脲化合成了6个未见报道的双酰基硫脲衍生物,通过IR、NMR、MS和元素分析等对产物进行了表征.初步的活性结果显示,丙烯海松双酰基硫脲衍生物对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都具有较好的抑制作用,特别是丙烯海松双-(3,5-二苯基)硫脲(4f...