生物芯片技术研究进展

生物芯片是指通过微电子、微加工技术在芯片表面构建的微型生物化学分析系统,以实现对细胞、DNA、蛋白质、组织、糖类及其他生物组分进行快速、敏感、高效的处理和分析,是近些年来发展迅速的一项高新技术。生物芯片主要包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、组织芯片等。作者主要概述了生物芯片技术的研究进展及在各个领域内的应用。     

小麦、玉米秸秆不同预处理产沼气试验研究

为探讨秸秆不同预处理产气量及甲烷含量的变化规律,本试验在实验室分别用沼液、绿秸灵预处理玉米及小麦秸秆,共设置六个处理进行秸秆沼气发酵试验。结果表明:在常温并保持相同浓度和C/N比的发酵条件下,单位质量干物质产气率(TS产气率)及甲烷含量的大小顺序均为:玉米秸秆+绿秸灵>玉米秸秆+沼液>小麦秸秆+绿秸灵>小麦秸秆+沼液>玉米秸秆CK>小麦秸秆CK,各处理间的差异达到显著水平,其中采用绿秸灵预处理秸秆的产气效果优于用沼液预处理的效果。在采用相同的预处理前提下,玉米秸秆的干物质产气率(TS产气率)及甲烷产气率(TSCH4产气率)均大于小麦秸秆的干物质产气率(TS产气率),表明玉米秸秆比小麦秸秆更适宜于沼气发酵。     

Crop response of drought-tolerant and conventional maize hybrids in a semiarid environment

In the High Plains, corn (Zea mays L.) is an important commodity for livestock feed. However, limited water resources and drought conditions continue to hinder corn production. Drought-tolerant (DT) corn hybrids could help maintain high yields under water-limited conditions, though consistent response of such hybrids is unverified. In this two-year study, the effects of three irrigation treatments were investigated for a DT and conventional maize hybrid, Pioneer AQUAMax P0876HR and Pioneer 33Y75, respectively. In 2013, the drier of the 2 years, irrigation amounts and crop water use (ET_c) were greater for the conventional hybrid, but grain water use efficiency (WUE) and harvest index were significantly greater for the DT hybrid. In 2014, grain yields and WUE were not significantly different between hybrids. However, irrigation amounts, ET_c and biomass yields were greater for the conventional hybrid. Results from both years indicate that the DT hybrid required less water to maximize grain yield as compared to the conventional hybrid. Producing relatively high yields with reduced amounts of water may provide a means for producers to continue corn production in a semiarid environment with declining water supplies.     

电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器设计与试验

油茶果机械化采摘是目前亟待解决的难题,其中花苞损伤又成为机械采摘难以克服的问题。设计了一种电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器,分析了胶辊机构采摘油茶果的过程和原理,得到了油茶果碰撞脱落的临界条件。通过对采摘头回转架组件参数设计,确定了回转架组件上对辊间距有效调节范围为20~65 mm,初步拟定回转架转速范围为20~40 r/min。在江西农业大学油茶林进行了油茶果采摘试验,并对电动胶辊旋转式油茶果采摘执行器作业中油茶花苞损伤进行了研究。结果表明:当胶辊直径为30 mm,间距为25 mm,胶辊旋转速度为30 r/min,胶辊线速度为0.833 m/s时,直径大于25 mm的油茶果能全部被采摘,漏采率为13.6%,且未开的花苞未见明显损伤。     

番木瓜环斑病毒株系的分子生物学方法鉴定

 以PRSV株系特异性引物对PRSV的PRSV126(PRSV日本分离物)、Ys、Vb和Sm等株系进行RT-PCR方法鉴定,引物PR21/PR22能把Ys从Vb和Sm中鉴定出来,PR300/PR301则能把Vb从Ys、Sm和PRSV126中鉴定出来;用限制性内切酶Hae Ⅱ、Sau3A I和Hinf I对PRSV的PRSV126、Ys、Vb和Sm等株系进行单酶切RT-PCR-RFLP分析,Hinf I能把PRSV126与Ys、Vb和Sm鉴别开来,Sau3A I能把Ys与Vb和Sm鉴别开来,Hae Ⅱ则能把Ys与PRSV126、Vb和Sm鉴别开来;以P1/P2为引物,对Vb、Ys和Sm株系进行RT-PCR-RFLP-SSCP分析,结果能一次把三者较好地区别开来。     

The use of digital image analysis and real‐time PCR fine‐tunes bioassays for quantification of Cercospora leaf spot disease in sugar beet breeding

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is a major fungal sugar beet disease worldwide and the cause of significant yield losses. The disease is most successfully countered by the introduction of genetic tolerance into elite sugar beet hybrids. To this end, breeding programmes require high quality biological assays allowing discrimination of minor differences between plants within a segregating population. This study describes the successful implementation of image analysis software in the bioassays for quantification of necrotic lesions at different stages of C. beticola infection, allowing selection on minor phenotypic differences during the sugar beet breeding process for C. beticola resistance. In addition, a real‐time PCR assay was developed for the quantification of C. beticola pathogen biomass in infected beet canopy. The use of both techniques, even in an early stage of infection, fine‐tunes current bioassays, allowing more accurate and efficient selection of resistant breeding material.     

Biological control of the millet head miner Heliocheilus albipunctella in the Sahelian region by augmentative releases of the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor: effectiveness and farmers’ perceptions

On-farm augmentative releases of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Say) for controlling the millet head miner (MHM) Heliocheilus albipunctella (de Joannis) were tested in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger from 2007 to 2009. In addition, a survey of farmers’ perceptions of insect pests, with particular focus on MHM, and the biological control program (BCP) was carried out. There was a significant increase of MHM parasitization rate after the releases, with up to 97% mortality. The survey on farmers’ perceptions revealed a fair knowledge of the MHM and the ability of farmers to describe the pest and the damage it caused. Farmers claimed that the biocontrol agent H. hebetor is effective and perceived a significant gain in grain yield due to this control strategy. Implications of these findings for a large extension of the MHM biocontrol program are discussed.     

Secretion of Natural and Synthetic Toxic Compounds from Filamentous Fungi by Membrane Transporters of the ATP-binding Cassette and Major Facilitator Superfamily

This review provides an overview of members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of transporters identified in filamentous fungi. The most common function of these membrane proteins is to provide protection against natural toxic compounds present in the environment of fungi, such as antibiotics produced by other microorganisms. In plant pathogenic fungi, these transporters can also be an important determinant of virulence on host plants by providing protection against plant defence compounds or mediating the secretion of host-specific toxins. Furthermore, they play a critical role in determining base-line sensitivity to fungicides and other antimycotic agents. Overexpression of some of these transporters can lead to the development of resistance to chemically-unrelated compounds, a phenomenon described as multidrug resistance (MDR). This has been observed in a variety of organisms and can impose a serious threat to the effective control of pathogenic fungi.     

Zinc phosphate protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The purpose of this study was to determine whether zinc phosphate treatments of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) can attenuate bacterial speck...     

Five-year survey uncovers extensive diversity and temporal fluctuations among fusarium head blight pathogens of wheat and barley in Brazil

We conducted a five-year survey (2011–2015) of barley and wheat fields in Paraná state, Brazil, obtaining 754 Fusarium isolates from spikes with fusarium head blight (FHB)-symptoms. Multilocus genotyping and TEF-1α gene sequence analyses confirmed the dominance of the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC, 75.7%), but F. poae (11.5%), as well as F. avenaceum and related members of the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC, 8.1%) appeared as substantial contributors to FHB. Within the FGSC, F. graminearum of the 15-ADON genotype was dominant (63%), followed by F. meridionale of the NIV genotype (23.1%), F. cortaderiae of the NIV (7%) or 3-ADON (2.6%) genotypes, and F. austroamericanum (3.8%) of the 3-ADON genotype. Substantial variation in pathogen composition was observed across years, with F. poae and F. meridionale frequencies significantly elevated in some years. Most F. poae strains produced DAS, diANIV, and butenolide, but not neosolaniol, T-2, or HT-2. All FTSC species produced moniliformin. Enniatin production was widespread among FTSC species, with the single F. acuminatum strain found to be the strongest producer of enniatins. Our findings confirm FGSC as a major contributor to FHB and expand considerably our knowledge of the presence, frequency, and conditions under which other pathogens may emerge, altering the spectrum of toxins that may accumulate in grain.