黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)根区土壤含水量分布特征及影响因素

梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)在荒漠绿洲过渡带的防风固沙过程中发挥着重要作用,而土壤含水量在一定程度上决定着梭梭的生长状况。研究梭梭根区土壤含水量的分布特征及影响因素对进一步探究荒漠绿洲过渡带斑块植被的稳定性具有重要意义。在黑河中游荒漠绿洲过渡带的半固定沙地上于2017年5月下旬和10月中旬选取5株梭梭灌丛,对其根区土壤含水量的分布及影响因素进行研究。结果表明:1)花期土壤含水量在土层深度0~10 cm和80~120 cm较高, 10~40 cm次之,40~80 cm最低;果期土壤含水量则呈现出逐层增大的变化趋势;2)土壤温度影响土壤水分蒸发,温度越高,蒸发越大,导致花期土壤含水量随土壤温度的升高而降低。当温度低于一定范围时,蒸发受到抑制,土壤温度升高,土壤持水能力则随之增强,导致果期土壤含水量随土壤温度的升高而增大;3)土壤有机质含量增大,促使团聚体和胶体形成,土壤吸附水分能力增强,即花期和果期土壤含水量均随土壤有机质含量增加而增加;4)土壤中粗砂含量越少,中砂含量越多,土壤孔隙越小,持水能力越好。因此,花期和果期梭梭根区土壤含水量随粗砂含量的增加而减小,随中砂含量的增加而增大。     

坚持科技创新,提高农机化的发展水平

众所周知,我国是一个农业大国,随着我国市场经济体制的不断发展与完善,科学技术的不断发展创新,我国人民的生活水平也有较大幅度的提高,农业作为我国的第一产业,在我国的经济发展和社会发展中发挥着十分重要、不可替代的作用,如何将农业发展与科学技术进行有机的结合,实现我国农业的现代化发展,受到了国家和政府前所未有的关注,而农业机械化作为我国农业是否能够实现现代化发展的重要依据,如何更好的、更快的推进我国农业机械化发展的进程,成为我国农业现代化发展过程中不容忽视的关键环节。     

返青至拔节期高温对小麦农艺性状和产量的影响

为探索返青至拔节期高温对小麦农艺性状和产量的影响,以石麦25和石麦26为试验材料,采用田间搭棚增温的方法,设高温胁迫时间15、21和27 d计3个处理,以田间自然生长为对照,研究了返青至拔节期高温胁迫对小麦株高、秸秆韧性、穗部性状和产量的影响。结果表明:高温处理导致2个小麦品种的株高、重心高度、基部第2节间长度、不孕小穗数及其比例显著提高,基部第2节间机械强度、抗倒指数、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量显著降低。随着高温持续时间的延长,高温对小麦农艺性状和产量的不利影响越大。     

Authentication and quantitative analysis on the chemical profile of cassia bark (cortex cinnamomi) by high-pressure liquid chromatography

Cassia bark or cortex cinnamomi, the dried stem bark of Cinnamomum cassia Presl. (Lauraceae), is a popular natural spice and a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine. However, adulterants are frequently found in the market. In this study, 44 samples of Cassia bark including bark from seven related Cinnamomum species were collected from fields and market. Four characteristic components, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, and coumarin were determined by RP-HPLC, and a fingerprint comprised of five markers was established. These results showed that cassia barks contained high contents of cinnamaldehyde (13.01-56.93 mg/g). The highest content of cinnamaldehyde (up to 93.83 mg/g) was found in debarked cortex, which is traditionally regarded as having the best quality in local herb shops. In contrast, the adulterants from the other Cinnamomum species, C. wilsonii Camble, C. japonicum Sieb., C. mairei Levl. and C. burmanii (Nees) Blume, contained low contents of cinnamaldehyde (<2.00 mg/g). The content of cinnamaldehyde in C. loureirii Nees was comparable to that in C. cassia. It is suggested that five characteristic peaks by HPLC are suitable for distinguishing genuine cassia bark from the adulterants and could be applied in the quality control of this commodity.     

基于信号特征分析的植物体表电信号记录模式选择

为了探索不同耦合记录模式所记录植物体表波形数据特征,选择德抗961型小麦与含羞草2类植物,分别对每株植物进行直流耦合、交流耦合同步信号记录。分析光诱导下小麦所产生的局部电位中直流耦合记录与交流耦合记录的数据差异。小麦局部电位直流耦合与交流耦合记录数据波形峰峰值差异可达25倍以上;基于短时傅里叶变换,功率密度时频分布图显示直流耦合记录到的信号局部电位的频谱主要在0.2 Hz以内。而含羞草的变异电位的上述2种耦合模式记录的波形差异相对较小,功率密度时频分布图中可以反映其信号功率谱分布在0.6 Hz以内。通过记录不同下限截止频率的数据,小麦的光诱导电信号更加清晰的反映耦合方式对信号的影响,进一步地,通过含羞草变异电位的传导特性与对小麦钙通道阻滞的对照试验来验证所测信号的真实性。因此,针对不同植物及其植物电信号本身的特点,应选择适合的耦合记录方式。     

近20年来陕西中部地区主要农作物生育期变化趋势分析

利用陕西省中部地区8个农业气象观测站1992-2010年冬小麦、夏玉米的生育期观测资料,分析了这两种作物主要生育期的变化趋势。结果表明：该地区冬小麦全生育期有不断缩短趋势,变化速率约为每10a缩短2.96d,各个站点变化趋势基本一致,但减少的速度不尽相同,其中凤翔站变化趋势较为显著（显著性达0.05水平）;冬小麦其它各生育阶段也都呈现出比较一致的变化趋势,其中播种-出苗、返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、返青-成熟阶段呈缩短趋势,抽穗-乳熟、乳熟-成熟、播种-越冬阶段呈延长趋势,其余生育阶段变化趋势不明显。该地区夏玉米全生育期呈较一致的延长趋势（显著性超过0.05）,增加速率约为4.29d/10a,延长的时间主要在播种-三叶、七叶-拔节、乳熟-成熟阶段,其余生育阶段变化趋势不明显。     

Impact of manure application on forms and quantities of phosphorus in a Chinese Cambisol under different land use

Purpose

It is critical to understand the effect of manure application on the availability of phosphorus (P) and the potential environmental contamination by runoff and leaching. However, previous studies generally focused on cultivated soil layer in single cropping systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of manure application on soil P forms and quantities to the 200 cm depth in a Chinese alkaline Cambisol in different cropping systems and the potential environmental implications.

Materials and methods

The sampling site, Shunyi District, is located in the peri-urban area of Beijing in the North China Plain, where large quantities of manure generated from intensive animal operations have been applied to agricultural fields. A field survey was carried out before sampling to identify soil sampling sites with long-term manure application and an adjacent area receiving no manure used for the same crop production. Soil samples from three cropping systems (vegetables, cereals, and trees) were vertically collected to a depth of 200 cm with the following depth increments: 0–20, 20–60, 60–90, 90–120, 120–160 and 160–200 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for plant-available P (Olsen P) and various P fractions by sequential P fractionation. Degree of P saturation (DPS) was also determined.

Results and discussion

Soil calcium bound P was the most abundant P fraction, followed by the residual P. Organic P only accounted for less than 5 % of total P in most of the soils. Manure application increased the levels of inorganic P (Pi), with higher proportions of Pi in labile forms than stable forms. After manure application for 8–15 year, available P (Olsen P) and DPS values of the 0–20 cm layer in all sites exceeded the threshold for Olsen P (60 mg?kg^?1) and DPS (30 %) and the risk of P loss by runoff is expected to significantly increase. The DPS values were generally lower than 30 % below 20 cm, indicating a minimal risk of P loss via leaching from deeper soil.

Conclusions

The results indicated that in typical peri-urban areas of the North China Plain, the on-going practice of manure application not only increased the size of each of the labile and non-labile P pools, but also caused a shift in the relative sizes of the different pools, regardless of the cropping systems. However, contrary to what was expected, soil P loss through surface runoff would be a greater concern than leaching following long-term manure amendment.     

不同施磷水平对土壤中重金属镉的钝化效果评价

通过室内培养试验,以P/Cd摩尔配比分别为0,2∶3,3∶2,2∶1,4∶1进行了不同磷肥钝化修复Cd污染土壤试验。采用毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)和形态分析法评价了磷酸氢二铵(DAP)、磷酸二氢钾(MPP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)和磷酸钙(TCP)对污染土壤中Cd的钝化效果。结果表明,4种磷肥的钝化效果依次为:MPPDAPSSPTCP,4种磷肥的钝化处理可显著降低土壤中TCLP提取态Cd含量,在磷肥剂量水平P/Cd为4∶1时对土壤中Cd的钝化效果最佳,最大降低幅度为49%;添加磷肥能够大幅度提高土壤中速效磷的含量,相同磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量高低次序为:MPPDAPSSPTCP,TCLP提取态Cd含量随土壤速效磷含量升高而显著降低(R=-0.903**);DAP,MPP,SSP和TCP处理后交换态Cd的浓度降幅分别为23.75%,39.06%,16.60%和18.36%,而碳酸盐结合态(WSA)、铁锰氧化物结合态(Fe-Mn-OX)、有机结合态(OM)和残渣态(RES)Cd的含量均有所升高,表明磷素是通过改变Cd的存在形态而降低其有效态含量的。     

在预应力混凝土桥梁中高强混凝土的使用

本文介绍了高强混凝土(HSC)的开发过程。高强混凝土的特性:如抗压强度很高时,抗弯折及抗拉则不再有增加的趋势;弹性模量与抗压强度不成反比:HSC的应力～应弯曲线与普通混凝土不同等。高强混凝土优点:若配置相同量的抗拉钢筋,则可提高构件的抗变形性能等。并谈了施工注意的事项。     

柿子发酵酒酯的生成规律初探

分析了不同柿子发酵酒样品中的主要有机酸和主要酯香成分，结果表明，柿子发酵酒中主要有机酸有酒石酸和乳酸，主要挥发酯是乳酸乙酯和乙酸乙酯。自然老熟的柿酒中乳酸乙酯含量高于乙酸乙酯，采用冷热处理方法老熟的柿酒中乙酸乙酯的含量高于乳酸乙酯。