Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

缺钾对水稻不同品种光合和能量耗散的影响

试验测定了钾敏感型(二九丰)和钾钝感型(原丰早)两个水稻品种在缺钾处理41.d后其剑叶的生长、光合光响应曲线、叶绿素荧光参数光响应曲线和暗弛豫动力学曲线。结果表明,缺钾降低了水稻剑叶的光合作用,显著抑制了生长。但是缺钾条件下导致两个水稻品种净光合速率(Pn)下降的主导因子并不相同。在缺钾条件下,原丰早(YFZ)剑叶的Pn随气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的下降而下降,但叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量几乎没有变化,说明其Pn下降主要归于气孔的限制。缺钾处理41.d后,二九丰(EJF)在低光强下[500mol/(m2.s)],Pn随Gs和Ci下降,但在更强的光强下,Pn和Gs继续下降,而Ci开始上升,并在1200mol/(m2.s)处超越了对照,说明此时主导因子不单受气孔限制,还受非气孔因子限制;它的光饱和点从1200mol/(m2.s)下降到大约500mol/(m2.s);同时,其荧光参数Fv/Fm、ФPSII、qP和ETR随光强上升而迅速下降,而L(PFD)、E和PP迅速增加,NPQ在1200mol/(m2.s)光强下上升,但是在高光强下却迅速降低,甚至低于对照,而且Fm、Fv/Fm下降,Fo上升,均说明缺钾处理可能使光合机构受到了伤害,发生了光抑制。对非光化学猝灭的分析得到其中间组分qNm可能起了更大的能量耗散作用,部分激发能从PSⅡ转移到PSⅠ,降低了PSⅡ耗散能量的压力。以上结果表明,两品种对钾敏感性不同极可能也与缺钾条件下光保护能力的差异有关。     

Degradability of atrazine, cyanazine, and dicamba in methanogenic enrichment culture microcosms using sediment from the Pearl River of Southern China

Degradation of three herbicides, atrazine, cyanazine and dicamba, was assessed in laboratory microcosms incubated under simulated methanogenic conditions using sediment from Pearl River of Southern China as an inoculum. Atrazine was much more resistant to degradation than cyanazine and dicamba over 300 days of incubation. Biodegradation of cyanazine and dicamba was further substantiated by establishment of enrichment transfer cultures in which the degradation of the respective herbicide was accelerated by the active microorganisms. Degradation of cyanazine initially involved the removal of chlorine and the two side chains, while that of dicamba was O-demethylation reaction forming 3,6-dichlorosalicyclic acid. Results suggest that biodegradation of xenobiotics can be established through enrichment culture transfer technique, and further mechanism of degradation and microorganisms involved can be elucidated.     

Evolution of toxicity upon hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

Hydrolysis of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE), a widely used herbicide, was studied in aqueous buffer solutions at pH ranging from 4.0 to 10.0. The degradation kinetics, strongly dependent on pH values, followed first-order kinetics. FE was relatively stable in neutral media, whereas it degraded rapidly with decreasing or increasing pH. In acidic conditions (pH = 4, 5), the benzoxazolyl-oxy-phenyl ether linkage of FE was cleaved to form ethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate (EHPP) and 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one (CDHB). While in basic conditions (pH = 8, 9, 10), herbicidal activity fenoxaprop-p (FA) was formed via breakdown of the ester bond of the herbicide. Both the two pathways were concurrent in neutral conditions (pH = 6, 7). Toxicity studies on Daphnia magna showed that FE was most toxic to D. magna with 48 h EC(50) of 14.3 micromol/L, followed by FA (43.8 micromol/L), CDHB (49.8 micromol/L), and EHPP (333.1 micromol/L). Mode of toxic action analysis indicated that EHPP exhibited toxicity via polar narcosis, whereas CDHB belonged to reactive acing compound. The mixture toxicity of CDHB and EHPP was nonadditive and can be predicted by a response addition model. Therefore, the evaluation of overall FE toxicity to D. magna in the aquatic systems needs to consider the degradation of FE.     

无线传感器网络在农业中的应用

无线传感器网络集传感器技术、微机电系统(MEMS)技术、无线通信技术、嵌入式计算技术和分布式信息处理技术于一体,是多学科高度交叉的、知识高度集中的热点研究领域,因其广阔的应用前景而备受关注.该文综述了无线传感器网络的节点构成、体系结构、研究热点,以及在农业中的应用研究现状,针对性地提出在温室、节水灌溉、畜牧等农业领域应用无线传感器网络的方案与思路,为无线传感器网络在农业中的应用拓宽思路,争取早日将无线传感器网络投入到农业应用领域.     

基于遥感的疏勒县植被覆盖时空变化研究

【目的】评价疏勒县生态环境质量及生态环境演变过程。【方法】基于Landsat遥感影像数据,利用归一化植被指数NDVI、像元二分模型、中心迁移模型等方法分析了1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖时空演化。【结果】①疏勒县植被覆盖分布总体以高植被覆盖为主成大面积片状分布,中、低植被覆盖主要以盖孜河和克孜河为轴线,相对围绕高植被覆盖分散分布;②1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖面积和覆盖度均呈增加趋势。2017年的植被覆盖面积比1996年增加了456.4 km²,增加率为38.3%;③疏勒县植被覆盖空间变化上存在一定的区域性和时段性差异。区域上,南部乡镇覆盖度明显增加;时段上,2009-2013年植被覆盖面积增加最明显;④1996-2017年疏勒县植被覆盖中心整体往东南迁移;⑤气候变暖对疏勒县植被覆盖度变化有一定的影响,但短期内人类活动影响更大。灌区改造高效节水、耕地开垦、农作物的种植及林带面积的增加是植被覆盖面积增加的主要因素。【结论】综上可知,气候变暖和生态治理工程等人类活动因素可能是疏勒县植被覆盖面积与覆盖度呈增加的主要原因,这表明疏勒县生态环境保护与治理是科学合理的。     

不同炭基肥料对小白菜硝酸盐含量、产量及品质的影响

利用生物质炭与化肥混合制成的生物质炭基肥料进行田间试验,比较炭基肥料对蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响以及不同原料生物质炭基的肥效差异。选择小麦秸秆炭、花生壳炭、棉花秸秆炭3种炭基肥料,炭基肥养分含量为37%,N:P2O5:K2O=18:9:10。以普通复合肥为对照,总养分为45%,N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15。结果表明,与普通复合肥相比,麦秸秸秆炭基肥处理使小白菜硝酸盐含量显著降低了35.38%,可溶性糖含量提高31.12%,维生素C含量提高31.55%。同时施用的小麦秸秆炭基肥在总养分含量比普通复合肥减少18%的条件下,小白菜的产量显著提高了45.03%。而花生壳炭基肥和棉花秸秆炭基肥处理效果不明显。因此,小麦秸秆炭基肥有望成为有效的降低小白菜的硝酸盐含量、提高品质和产量的新型环保肥料。     

富贵竹切口保鲜及贮运研究

通过大量实验筛选出适合富贵竹切口的保鲜液,冬季宜采用配方12,夏季宜采用配方5进行处理。处理液B对防治脚部黄化及促根效果极显著。加工后的富贵竹成品货柜运输的最佳温度为15￣16℃,配合含1.0mg/L6-BA 1‰托布津的保水剂包根处理,可极显著降低贮运中的损失率。研究成果在生产中成功应用。     

不同品种冬小麦生理耗水及产量特性研究

采用密闭式盆栽方法,于2006年10月—2007年6月在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站,对4种较典型的生态型品种冬小麦进行不同水肥处理,生理耗水、产量和水分利用效率（WUE）等的进行比较研究结果表明,冬小麦品种间全生育期生理耗水在充足供水且施肥条件下存在显著差异,最大相差达9.9%,差异主要由返青后各生育期日耗水和总耗水的差异累积而致。施肥增加作物生理耗水量和干物质积累,提高植株水平WUE（蒸腾效率）,其促进作用随土壤水分含量的升高而增大;施肥略微降低产量水平WUE,但差异不显著。水分对籽粒产量的贡献大于肥料的贡献,水分胁迫提高各品种植株水平WUE。各品种全生育期生理耗水量和生物量在不同水肥条件下的表现更多的与品种自身特性有关。在类似于农业生产的正常年份的水肥条件（充足供水且施肥）下,对各品种在生理耗水、生物量、籽粒产量和WUE方面的比较表明,水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号在经济产量和产量水平WUE方面表现最优,有更大的推广价值。     

“仙果”哈密瓜晒瓜处理后贮藏及生理特性的研究

以沪产"仙果"哈密瓜为试材,进行采前晒瓜处理,研究在温度3,5,8℃和常温贮藏条件下,哈密瓜采后贮藏期间果实生理代谢的变化。结果表明,晒瓜处理后低温贮藏,能有效地降低哈密瓜果实的腐烂,抑制了总酸、总糖、可溶性固形物含量和果实硬度的下降,显著延长哈密瓜的贮藏时间。以糖、酸含量和果实硬度、腐烂率为评价指标,确定5℃为"仙果"的适宜贮藏温度。