Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

Quantitative trait loci mapping for yield-related traits under low and high planting densities in maize (Zea mays)

Average maize yield per hectare has increased significantly because of the improvement in high-density tolerance, but little attention has been paid to the genetic mechanism of grain yield response to high planting density. Here, we used a population of 301 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross YE478 × 08–641 to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 16 yield-related traits under two planting densities (57,000 and 114,000 plants per ha) across four environments. These yield-related traits responded differently to high-density stress. A total of 110 QTLs were observed for these traits: 33 QTLs only under low planting density, 50 QTLs under high planting density and 27 QTLs across both densities. Only two major QTLs, qCD6 and qWKEL2-2, were identified across low- and high-density treatments. Seven environmentally stable QTLs were also observed containing qED6, qWKEL3, qRN3-3, qRN7-2, qRN9-2 and qRN10 across both densities, as well as qRN9-1 under low density. In addition, 16 and eight pairs of loci with epistasis interaction (EPI) were detected under low and high planting densities, respectively. Additionally, nine and 17 loci showed QTL × environment interaction (QEI) under low- and high-density conditions, respectively. These interactions are of lesser importance than the main QTL effects. We also observed 26 pleiotropic QTL clusters, and the hotspot region 3.08 concentrated nine QTLs, suggesting its great importance for maize yield. These findings suggested that multiple minor QTLs, loci with EPI and QEI, pleiotropy and the complex network of “crosstalk” among them for yield-related traits were greatly influenced by plant density, which increases our understanding of the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits for high-density tolerance.     

不同地表覆盖方式对胡杨幼苗光合特性的影响及评价

为筛选对胡杨幼苗生长有效的地表覆盖物。以1年生胡杨幼苗为试材,设置覆膜(T1)、覆草苫子(T2)、覆沙(T3)和裸地(CK)共4种处理,利用相关性分析和隶属函数值法全面评价3种地表覆盖物对植株产生的效果。结果表明:T1、T2、T3处理均显著提高了不同月份的土壤含水率(P<0.05),平均土壤含水率较CK分别提高了26.1%、27.9%和23.5%;各覆盖均显著提高了成活率、株高及地径的生长,T2增长幅度最大;各覆盖均显著提高了叶片净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G s)、蒸腾速率(T r)(P<0.05),生长初期T1值最大,生长中后期T2值最大;T2处理的最大净光合速率(P max)、光饱和点(L SP)最大,光补偿点(L CP)和暗呼吸速率(R d)最低;各覆盖对水分利用效率(W UE)和表观量子效率(A QY)影响较小;植株生长与土壤含水率、P n、G s、P max、L SP呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),综合效果由强到弱顺序为T2、T3、T1、CK。覆草苫子较适宜在胡杨幼苗栽植过程中应用推广。     

核桃主栽品种新新2和温185光合特性与其品质和产量的关系

【目的】 研究核桃光合特性与其品质和产量的关系。【方法】 以新疆优良核桃品种新新2和温185为材料,对照分析2个品种的光合作用及其叶绿素荧光特性,与其果实品质和产量的关系。【结果】 温185和新新2光合速率与量子效率没有显著差异,这与2个品种单株产量和单产一致。2个品种在出仁率上有显著差异,即温185出仁率显著高于新新2,温185呼吸速率也显著高于新新2,出仁率可能与其代谢特性有关。总叶绿素含量之间无显著差异,而温185的叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量均极显著高于新新2。【结论】 温185和新新2的产量与其光合特性有关,而其品质与其它代谢有关。温185比新新2具有更强的光保护能力。     

基于委托代理模型的乳品供应链质量控制策略研究

综合运用最优化原理、博弈论和委托代理理论,研究了信息对称、单边信息不对称和双边信息不对称情况下,乳品供应链中乳品加工与销售环节的最优质量控制策略,分析了乳品加工企业和超市实施质量协同控制的条件,并通过数值模拟验证了所建模型的科学性和研究结论的正确性。研究结果表明:当质量预防水平隐匿时,乳品加工企业将采取“质量预防不足”策略;当质量检验水平隐匿时,超市将实施“质量检验过度”策略;当质量预防水平和质量检验水平均隐匿时,乳品加工企业的“质量预防不足”与超市的“质量检验过度”同时存在;合理的合同设计,可促使乳品加工企业与超市实施质量协同控制,采取“预防为主、检验为辅”的基本策略。     

PEDV N蛋白的原核表达纯化及B细胞抗原表位预测分析

本研究旨在对猪流行性腹泻病毒(porcine epidemic diarrhea virus,PEDV)N基因进行克隆构建、表达与其B细胞抗原表位性质的预测。将PEDV的N基因进行PCR扩增,克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,经酶切验证获得阳性克隆,将阳性克隆在表达菌E. coli BL21(DE3)中表达。通过对表达条件及纯化条件的优化,获得高纯度表达蛋白。利用生物信息同源模型化软件Swiss-Pdb Viewer建立PEDV-N蛋白的3D结构,并根据生物信息学软件DNA-Star预测PEDV-N蛋白的二级结构、抗原性、亲水性和表面可及性分析,综合分析预测其B细胞抗原表位。经预测PEDV-N蛋白氨基酸序列中存在13个B细胞优势抗原表位区域。研究结果将进一步为PEDV-N蛋白体外表达产物的应用及研制基因工程疫苗提供理论基础。     

蜗壳断面面积变化规律对双吸离心泵水力性能的影响

针对某泵站S700-500-730型双吸离心泵运行时引发的断轴问题,采用CFD数值模拟方法,通过与蜗壳断面面积线性变化规律(以下简称L-规律)进行对比,分析了原型泵采用的蜗壳断面面积变化规律(以下简称Y-规律)对水力性能以及径向力的影响.结果表明:在定常工况下,2种规律的双吸离心泵在设计工况下水力性能相近,相较于L-规律方案,采用Y-规律设计的蜗壳作用在叶轮上的径向力增大高达24.77%;在非设计工况下,相较于L-规律方案,采用Y-规律设计的蜗壳水力性能更加优越,但是作用在叶轮上的径向力要高于采用L-规律方案时作用在叶轮上的径向力;在非定常工况下,Y-规律方案的脉动幅值以及高频脉动都要比采用L-规律方案设计时明显得多.蜗壳断面面积变化规律对作用在叶轮上的径向力影响显著.研究结果可为解决由于径向力过大导致断轴问题提供一定的理论依据.     

饲草料半干青贮工艺及技术装备

饲草料是畜牧业发展的重要基础,浅述了饲草料半干青贮工艺,分析饲草料半干青贮装备的现有技术装备水平及发展趋势,为我国半干青贮装备的推广应用提供参考。      

自贡市水稻二化螟发生气象等级预报研究

利用2000—2018年四川省自贡市水稻(Oryza sativa L.)二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]发生历史资料与气象资料研究自贡市气象条件对水稻二化螟发生的影响。通过对水稻二化螟灯下诱蛾量与气象条件的分析,选取相关性显著、生物学意义明确的气象因子,采用多元回归分析建立自贡市水稻二化螟发生气象等级预报模型。结果表明,自贡市冬季平均气温对水稻二化螟发生气象等级影响最为显著,翌年各时段温度、降水和湿度条件次之,且常年较高的冬季气温是导致二化螟发生气象等级多年处于3～4级的最关键气象因素。历史回代检验气象等级拟合准确率达72%,2018年试报检验气象等级准确率达到100%,模型预测效果较好,能够为自贡市开展水稻二化螟防治提供科学的气象决策依据。