Effects of oil of cloves and citronellol, two commercially available repellents, against the webbing clothes mothTineola bisselliella Hum. (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Tineola bisselliella is a common pest on natural fabrics of economic importance. Two commercially available repellents for use against adult webbing clothes moths were tested for their efficacy in dual- and no-choice bioassays. Oil of cloves and citral in combination, as well as citronellol scented with oil of lavender showed promising repellent effects for 4 weeks when applied in small compartments of a wardrobe. Although the repellent efficacy was not 100% under the conditions tested, the usage of essential oils in combination with other infestation prevention techniques is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die KleidermotteTineola bisselliella Hum. ist einer der wirtschaftlich bedeutenden tierischen Wollzerstörer. Auch Pelze, Felle, Polsterhaare und Federn werden von dem weit verbreiteten Kleinschmetterling aus der Familie der Tineidae befallen. In der Praxis gilt es vor allem Kleidungsstücke, die z. B. saisonbedingt für längere Zeit ungenutzt in einem Kleiderschrank aufbewahrt werden, vor dem Befall durch die Kleidermotte zu schützen. Hierfür stehen dem Verbraucher neben den konventionellen Bekämpfungsmitteln mit den Wirkstoffen Kampfer, Naphthalin und Paradichlorbenzol sowie pyrethrum- und pyrethroidhaltige Mittel auch Präparate zur Verfügung, die auf die repellierende Wirkung von ätherischen Ölen zurückgreifen. Die abstoßende Wirkung von Nelkenöl in Kombination mit Citral und von Citronellol parfümiert mit Lavendelöl auf die Falter der Kleidermotte wurde auf vergleichbare Eigenschaften untersucht. In Wahlversuchen wurden deutliche Repellent-Wirkungen der Mottenschutz-Präparate sichtbar. Die Präparate zeigten gute Wirkungen, wenn sie zum Schutz gegen den Zuflug von Kleidermotten an wollhaltigen Stoffen in kleinen Kompartimenten eines Kleiderschrankes ausgelegt waren. Auch in Zwangsversuchen hatte dieser Befund zum Teil Bestand. Bei längeren Versuchszeiten wurden allerdings verstärkt Fraßschäden durch Larven an den Wollstoffen festgestellt. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß Mottenweibchen nicht mehr in dem Maße repelliert wurden und ihre Eier an den Stoffen ablegten.

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This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product or pesticide does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation for its use by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry or by the USDA-ARS.     

Grazing and fertilizer management for establishment of Lotus uliginosus and Trifolium subterraneum under Pinus radiata in southern Chile

An experiment was conducted in southern Chile to study the effect of tree cover (0 or 200 stems of 13-year-old Pinus radiate/ha), grazing severity (8 or 12 cm height at commencement of grazing by sheep) and fertilizer application rate (low or high) on the establishment and growth of Lotus uliginosus and Trifolium subterraneum, when sown in conjunction with Festuca arundinacea. The establishment of both legumes was greater in the agroforestry than the open field, and the percentage of viable seeds that were established was greater for Trifolium than Lotus. Festuca established better when sown in conjunction with Lotus in the open field. During the two years after stand establishment there was a greater reduction in the ground cover and dry matter (DM) yield of both legumes, but in particular Trifolium, in the agroforestry than in the open field. In the second year of grazing Trifolium contributed less than 9% of total DM yield in the agroforestry, compared with 22% for Lotus. The ground cover of Lotus was increased by a tall grazing height in the agroforestry, whereas Trifolium increased its cover when the grazing height was short. Additional fertilizer at establishment had a greater effect in increasing herbage yield in the open field than in agroforestry. It is concluded that both Lotus and Trifolium establishments are greater in agroforestry than in an open field, but that in agroforestry there is a reduction in legume yield over time, particularly of Trifolium. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Time series diagnosis of tree hydraulic characteristics

An in vivo method for diagnosing hydraulic characteristics of branches and whole trees is described. The method imposes short-lived perturbations of transpiration and traces the propagation of the hydraulic response through trees. The water uptake response contains the integrated signature of hydraulic resistance and capacitance within trees. The method produces large signal to noise ratios for analysis, but does not cause damage or destruction to tree stems or branches. Based on results with two conifer tree species, we show that the method allows for the simple parameterization of bulk hydraulic resistance and capacitance of trees. Bulk tree parameterization of resistance and capacitance predicted the overall diel shape of water uptake, but did not predict the overshoot water uptake response in trees to shorter-term variations in transpiration, created by step changes in transpiration rate. Stomatal dynamics likely complicated the use of simple resistance-capacitance models of tree water transport on these short time scales. The results provide insight into dominant hydraulic and physiological factors controlling tree water flux on varying time scales, and allow for the practical assessment of necessary tree hydraulic model complexity in relation to the time step of soil- vegetation-atmosphere transport models.     

Methyl bromide fumigation and delayed mortality: safe trade of live pests?

Journal of Pest Science - Live organisms intercepted from treated commodities during phytosanitary inspections usually arouse suspicions of treatment failure, sub-standard treatment application, or...     

Aquaculture and the environment: the supply of and demand for environmental goods and services by Asian aquaculture and the implications for sustainability

The present paper explores the relationships between aquaculture and the environment In Asia, focusing on the demands for environmental goods and services among different sectors. Aquaculture in the region accounts for 88% of global production by weight and 80% by value. Nevertheless, environmental problems are increasingly apparent and the higher the demands for environmental goods and services, the more negative the impacts. Against a background of rapid social, economic and political change, the paper considers how the sustainability of the industry is best assured. An integrated view of resource use, in which aquaculture is but one activity, is necessary for sustainable development. The roles of planning, education, research and environmental management schemes are discussed.     

Integrated shrimp-mangrove farming systems in the Mekong delta of Vietnam

In recent years, mangroves have been seriously threatened by shrimp culture development in the Mekong delta of Vietnam. As one way of protecting the mangroves, efforts have been made to develop shrimp-mangrove integrated farming systems through State Forestry Fisheries Enterprises (SFFEs), involving a participatory approach. The present study investigated the shrimp-mangrove farming systems in Ngoc Hien district at the southern tip of the Mekong delta through a detailed farm-level survey, including technical, environmental, social and economic factors. A total of 161 shrimp-mangrove farms on the east and west coasts of Ngoc Hien district were surveyed. The results showed that on the East coast of the delta, the pH of the bottom soil, the water alkalinity, gate width ratio (ratio of gate width to pond area), pond age and mangrove density, and flooding level of ‘flat’ (flat is where the mangroves are planted) in the dry and rainy seasons were significantly correlated with shrimp pond yields. On the west coast, the pH of the bottom soil, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, ditch area, and flooding level of ‘flat’ were found to be significantly correlated with shrimp pond yields. An economic analysis, based solely on the economic returns from shrimp culture showed that the farming systems with a mangrove coverage of 30-50% of the pond area gave the highest annual economic returns. The results demonstrate a better economic return to farmers who maintain mangroves in their farming systems.     

Uneven and unequal people-centered development: the case of Fair Trade and Malawi sugar producers

This paper advances critical Fair Trade literature by exploring reasons for and lessons from uneven and unequal lived experiences of Fairtrade certification. Fieldwork was conducted in 2007 and 2008 to explore views and develop interpretations from various actors directly and indirectly participating in a Fairtrade certified sugar organization in Malawi. By exploring an embedded social and political context in a production place, and challenging assumptions and expectations of a Fair Trade community empowerment approach, research reveals intended and unintended consequences since certification. Findings propose lessons to adopt more nuanced understandings of place and context in Fair Trade approaches to facilitate more balanced community empowerment outcomes.     

The effect of fasting, transit plus fasting, and administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the source and amount of weight lost by feeder steers of different ages.

Two trials (winter and summer) were conducted to determine effects of fasting and transportation and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) administration on the amount and source of weight lost by feeder steers. Sixteen steers, in each of two experiments, were adapted to metabolism stalls for 10 d, were fed medium-quality hay at 2.1% of BW for 3 d, and then were subjected to either fasting alone or fasting plus transit for 48 h. In Exp. 1 steers were randomly assigned to treatments. In Exp. 2 steers were blocked by age (OLD or YOUNG) and assigned to treatments. Fecal and urinary excretions accounted for 65 and 38% of the total weight lost in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Fasting plus transit did not consistently increase the amount of weight lost compared with fasting alone but increased (P less than .01) plasma glucose concentrations. Injection of ACTH before either fasting alone or fasting plus transit increased (P less than .05) the amount of weight lost as feces. Steers in the OLD group lost more weight during transit and fasting but regained the lost weight faster (P less than .01) during the recovery period than did steers in the YOUNG group. Injecting YOUNG steers with ACTH before fasting alone or fasting plus transit increased plasma fibrinogen (P less than .10) and serum glucose (P less than .05) concentrations more than ACTH injections in OLD steers. Although fasting and transit elicit mobilization of body nutrients and resulted in a loss of BW, these effects were quickly reversed during the poststress period.     

Axial sesamoid injuries associated with lateral condylar fractures in horses

Axial sesamoid injuries were found in 4 of 18 horses with lateral condylar fractures of the metacarpus or metatarsus. The injuries appeared as axial sesamoid fractures or progressive demineralization of the axial border of one of the sesamoids. None of the horses with axial sesamoid injuries returned to performance soundness. Axial sesamoid injury appeared to be an indication of severe fetlock trauma due to condylar fracture. Such injuries appeared to indicate a poor prognosis for return to performance soundness.     

Island differences in population size structure and catch per unit effort and their conservation implications for Komodo dragons

Species inhabiting archipelagos are often characterised by high levels of interpopulation divergence (e.g. size related traits). This divergence may, in turn, influence their life-history. To facilitate better management and conservation of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), an island endemic, we identified demographic differences between two island populations in Komodo National Park, Indonesia. Comparison of data collected from dragon populations inhabiting Rinca Island and the much smaller Gili Motang Island indicated that between 1994 and 2004, the Komodo dragon population on Gili Motang significantly decreased its: (1) mean body mass, (2) body condition and (3) relative abundance. These results suggest that the numerically small Gili Motang population was oscillating downwards; in contrast, the Rinca Island population had been relatively stable. More importantly these results emphasize the necessity for managers of this priority conservation species to understand further the inherent functional differences among dragon populations to develop island specific management units. Current management practices (e.g. monitoring) instigated by Komodo National Park management ignore small island dragon populations and thus run the risk of being unable to detect adverse effects for populations that are potentially most prone to decline.