Evaluation of three phytoplankton species as food for the pearl oyster <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinctada fucata</Emphasis>

In the pearl cultivation farms of the Ehime Prefecture, Japan, mass mortalities of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata have occurred since 1994. The occurrences of mass mortality roughly coincided with a shift of the dominant phytoplankton from Skeletonema and Chaetoceros to Chaetoceros and Nitzschia all of which belong to Bacillariophyceae. Hence, we evaluated Nitzschia, together with Chaetoceros and Isocrysis, as food for the oyster. Wet weights, lengths, widths, glycogen contents, and growth rates in terms of wet weight of the oysters in all the feeding treatments were significantly higher than those in the non-feeding treatment. The highest glycogen content (2.34%) and growth rate (2.21 g month⁻¹) were found in the Chaetoceros treatment. Growth rate in the Isocrysis treatment (1.63 g month⁻¹) was also high, although glycogen content in this treatment (0.41%) was low. In the Nitzschia treatment, growth rate of the oyster (0.94 g month⁻¹) was the lowest and glycogen content (0.83%) was also low relative to that in the Chaetoceros treatment. Chlorophyll a concentration in fecal pellets was lowest in the Nitzschia treatment (<2.7 μg mg⁻¹), suggesting more complete digestion of Nitzschia by the oyster. Thus, Nitzschia was edible and digestible but not assimilated by P. fucata. We propose the following scenario for the relationship between Nitzschia dominance and mass mortality. When Nitzschia dominates in a culture area, the physiological condition of P. fucata deteriorates due to low assimilation of Nitzschia by the oyster, followed by susceptibility of the oyster to infection by agents lethal to the oyster.     

The harvest of the freshwater crayfish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Astacus leptodactylus</Emphasis> Eschscholtz in Turkey: harvest history,impact of crayfish plague,and present distribution of harvested populations

This review focuses on the present distribution of populations of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus that are harvested in Turkey. It also examines the history of this harvest and the impact that crayfish plague has had on them. Crayfish plague, caused by the fungus-like organism, Aphanomyces astaci Schikora, 1906, is a severe parasite of freshwater crayfish and has caused a lot of damage to A. leptodactylus populations in Turkey since 1984. Turkey was the largest provider of A. leptodactylus to Western Europe from 1970 (or possibly earlier) until 1986. For example, the peak production was reached in the early 1980s, with over 5,000 tonnes being exported in 1984. On the other hand, as a result of the crayfish plague the harvest of A. leptodactylus was reduced severely in most populations in Turkey after 1985. The harvest was only 320 tonnes in 1991. After the occurrence of crayfish plague in Turkey, in order to increase crayfish production uncontrolled A. leptodactylus stockings have been carried out in many waterbodies throughout Turkey. These introductions have caused an increase in the number of A. leptodactylus populations, but exploitation of A. leptodactylus is still under the pressure of the plague, although there has been a steady increase in crayfish production in recent years. The harvest increased to 2,317 tonnes in 2004. Fortunately, among those populations affected by crayfish plague, large amounts of A. leptodactylus can still be harvested from three lakes, ?znik (Bursa), E?irdir (Isparta) and Çivril (Denizli). Thus, it seems that A. leptodactylus has a degree of resistance to crayfish plague. It is therefore interesting to investigate the resistance of A. leptodactylus caught from these populations to crayfish plague.     

Transpositional feeding rhythm of loach <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus anguillicaudatus</Emphasis> from larvae to juveniles and its ontogenesis under artificial rearing conditions

The diel feeding rhythm and ontogenesis during early life stage of loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus were investigated under experimental conditions (light: L 06:00–18:00, D 18:00–06:00 h). Morphological and behavioral developments of loach from newly hatched to 40 days after hatching were observed. Larvae were able to prey on daphnia 3–4 days after hatching at 23 ± 0.5°C. As the larvae grew, they showed an increasing feeding capacity and a distinct feeding rhythm. Feeding intensity and incidence for day-4 larvae were highest at 10:00 and 16:00 h. The highest levels of feeding intensity for day-12 larvae occurred at 08:00, 12:00, and 18:00 h as did feeding incidence. By day 20, when the larvae metamorphosed, the highest levels of feeding intensity occurred at 06:00, 18:00, and 24:00 h and were concurrent with the highest feeding incidence. After metamorphosis, feeding capacity had again increased considerably and, in contrast to the earlier stages before day 20, feeding intensity for day-30 juveniles peaked at 05:00 and 20:00 h, about 1–2 h after the maximum feeding incidence. The feeding rhythm of loach juveniles at day 40 was almost the same as the day-30 juveniles. The estimated maximum daily feeding rates were 43.1%, 33.4%, 19.0%, 12.8%, and 5.8% of body weight on days 4, 12, 20, 30, and 40, respectively. Thus, loach was found to have different feeding rhythms in the pre- and post-metamorphosis stages, with the highest feeding activity in daytime during the larval planktonic stage before metamorphosis, and intensely nocturnal feeding behavior during the juvenile benthic stage after metamorphosis.     

水稻稻瘟病菌胁迫应答cDNA片段的表达及定位

以抗稻瘟病品系G205为材料,应用cDNA微阵列分别获得了一个受稻瘟病菌诱导的含NBS LRR的cDNA克隆（暂命名为RIM1, rice induced by Magnaporthe grisea）和一个受稻瘟病菌抑制的编码腈水解酶（Nitrilase）的cDNA克隆（暂命名为NIT）,并通过Northern得到证实。RFLP分析将RIM1和NIT分别定位于水稻第2和第3染色体上,它们均位于控制水稻稻瘟病部分抗性QTL区间。     

田间条件下水稻根系分布及其与土壤容重的关系

 采用大田和筒栽方法研究了超高产三系杂交稻协优9308和两系杂交稻两优培九在穗分化期和开花期根系生长和分布及土壤容重对根系分布的影响。结果表明，在田间条件下，土层15 cm内水稻根系占根系总量的89%～98%，深层根系丛间比丛中比例高。不早衰的协优9308根系生长量较两优培九大。土壤容重提高，根系总生长量下降，且深层根系的量和比例下降。就深耕法对水稻根系生长和分布的影响进行了讨论。     

粳稻不同生态类型间F1的杂种优势及其亲本的配合力分析

用8个不同生态类型的粳稻品种配成8×8双列杂交,研究8个重要农艺性状的杂种优势以及亲本的配合力。结果表明,不同生态类型间杂种F1 各性状的优势有正有负。56个F1组合平均, 小区产量性状表现19.5%的高亲优势, F1小区产量超过高亲值的组合占87.5%,其余7个性状的F1值位于中亲值与高亲值之间。 在不同生态类型所构成的总体中,株高、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和小区产量4个性状的加性遗传方差和非加性遗传方差同等重要;抽穗期、穗长、单株有效穗3个性状的加性遗传方差更重要;千粒重性状非加性遗传方差更为重要。小区产量和产量构成因素一般配合力效应和特殊配合力效应方差较大的亲本是秀水04和3726;特殊配合力效应大且综合性状优良的组合是越光/秀水04。     

我国春麦区部分小麦品种品质状况分析

1999年将 38份春小麦品种 (品系 )种植于内蒙古呼和浩特 ,对其磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质进行了评价。结果表明 ,我国春小麦品种的面包烘烤品质较差 ,不同地区品种间品质差异较大 ,辽宁和内蒙品种的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质优于其它地区的品种。回归分析表明 ,蛋白质含量和单位蛋白质含量的面包体积决定了面包体积总变异的 99.9% ,硬度、沉淀值和吸水率对面包总分有重要作用。品种的出粉率主要取决于 1心槽路出粉率 ,2心和 1皮槽路出粉率对出粉率贡献也较大。高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (HMW GS)Glu A1和Glu D1位点的等位变异与品质性状密切相关。面包烘烤品质的改良应在分析HMW GS的基础上 ,将硬度作为选择指标之一 ,适当提高蛋白质含量 ,重点加强对沉淀值的选择     

Glu A1和 Glu D1位点高分子量谷蛋白亚基共同缺失对弱筋小麦品质的影响

为了研究高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMWGS)缺失对小麦品质的影响,以 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失材料2GS041410作供体亲本,以弱筋小麦品种扬麦13和扬麦18作轮回亲本进行回交,构建不同遗传背景的BC¹F³和BC²F³群体,测定受体、供体亲本的品质,以及回交群体BC¹F³和BC²F³中 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失纯合单株及两位点均正常表达纯合单株的品质。结果表明,供体2GS041410具有较低的SDS沉降值、较短的面团形成时间和稳定时间;在BC¹F³和BC²F³中, GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失对蛋白含量影响不显著,但可显著或极显著降低SDS沉降值和水溶剂保持力(SRC)。 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS双缺失在弱筋小麦品质育种中具有一定的应用价值。     

白粒小麦品种(系)穗发芽抗性机制分析

为了解小麦穗发芽抗性机制,应用与抗穗发芽有关的功能标记 Vp1B3、 Vp1b2和 Dorm1并结合整穗发芽、籽粒发芽、籽粒+芒、籽粒+穗轴、籽粒+颖壳和籽粒+芒+穗轴+颖壳共6种发芽试验处理,分析了11个小麦品种（系）的穗发芽抗性机制。结果表明,红粒抗穗发芽对照京9428和京冬8号的抗性受粒色、Vp1Bc、颖壳或颖壳抑制物控制;9个白粒品种(系)穗发芽抗性均不同程度的受芒和颖壳或它们的抑制物控制;强抗穗发芽品系CA0431的抗性与 Vp1B3、 Dorm1和粒色无关,而与其他遗传因素有关;强抗穗发芽品系山东046432属于由Vp1Bc和Dorm1控制的基因型;中抗穗发芽品种矮抗58的抗性与穗轴有关;Vp1Bb基因对CA95502的穗发芽作用有待进一步证实;芒和颖壳或它们的抑制物对白粒中感穗发芽品系CA9640、CA0459、CA0493和白粒高感穗发芽品系山东928802和CA0306的穗发芽均有一定的抑制作用,但 Vp1Bb基因型与山东928802和Vp1Bc基因型与CA0306的穗发芽并无相关。     

Extraction of rice-planting area and identification of chilling damage by remote sensing technology: a case study of the emerging rice production region in high latitude

Rice is the second largest staple crop in the world and therefore plays an important role in food security. As a thermophilic crop, rice is sensitive to temperature changes. Thus, research on the chilling damage of rice is essential. The Sanjiang Plain is an emerging rice production area and is located at high latitudes in China, the world’s largest rice-producing country. Landsat data were used to extract rice-planting area from 1985 to 2015. MODIS 13Q1, which was uniformly distributed during the growing period of rice, was used to obtain NDVI values of paddies during 2002–2015. Dynamic Identification Index of sterile-type chilling damage and monitoring standard of delayed-type chilling damage were the proposed methods used in this paper, which were used to judge the chilling damage of rice. The results show that in the study region, the rice-planting area in 2015 is nearly 12 times larger than that in 1985. Delayed-type chilling damage occurred in 2002 and 2009, while sterile-type chilling damage occurred in 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2014, and 2015. Comparing with the prevalent meteorological standards, the results indicate that the index and standards proposed in this paper are precise, applicable, and more sensitive than them. The method is a macroscopic and accurate method to identify chilling damage in rice and can also provide a scientific basis to ensuring the stability of rice yield.