浅谈牧草转基因育种研究进展

简要概述了牧草遗传转化方向及牧草转基因所取得的主要贡献,介绍了牧草遗传转化三种方法,并就今后的发展前景和转基因育种生物安全问题做了初步探讨。     

Cholecalciferol

The primary source of exposure to cholecalciferol in dogs and cats is ingestion of rodenticide baits with vitamin D₃ as the active ingredient. Other sources of this toxin are human medications and rarely, contaminated pet food. Although the reported lethal dose 50% for cholecalciferol is 88 mg/kg, deaths have been seen with an individual exposure of 2 mcg/kg in dogs. Clinical signs are induced by profound hypercalcemia affecting multiple body systems. Clinical presentations may include anorexia, depression, muscle weakness, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, abdominal pain, hematemesis, melena, and bradycardia. Tissue mineralization may develop if calcium × phosphorous product is greater than 60. Serum testing for hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and decreased serum parathyroid hormone are confirmatory. Initial treatment relies upon decontamination with emesis induction followed by administration of pulse-dose activated charcoal designed to interfere with the extensive enterohepatic recirculation of toxin. Medical management is designed to decrease serum calcium levels by use of intravenous fluid diuresis with administration of furosemide and prednisolone. Biphosphate pamidronate is used to inhibit calcium release from the bone. Phosphate binders aid in decreasing phosphate availability to interact with calcium. The prognosis is better if treatment is instituted early before development of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia enables tissue mineralization to progress.     

20世纪60年代以来黄土高原小流域泥沙来源的方法与历史侵蚀过程研究进展

小流域作为黄土高原水土流失综合治理的基本单元,赋存了大量的泥沙侵蚀特征和侵蚀环境变化信息。它在减少黄土高原土壤侵蚀方面发挥着十分重要作用。概述了20世纪60年代以来黄土高原小流域泥沙来源和历史侵蚀过程方面的研究进展,小流域泥沙来源主要从传统方法、元素示踪法及REE稀土元素示踪法方面进行了分析,展望了未来小流域泥沙来源及泥沙侵蚀研究的发展,为小流域开展水土保持工作、对水土资源进行科学的评价和开展更深入的研究提供了重要参考。     

兰州大尾羊心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP） 基因克隆及其同源性比较

【目的】克隆兰州大尾羊心脏型肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因全长cDNA序列,为研究绵羊H-FABP生物学作用和生产应用提供理论依据。【方法】根据已知哺乳动物H-FABP基因 cDNA 序列,设计5''和3''特异引物,运用cDNA 末端快速扩增（RACE）技术获得兰州大尾羊H-FABP基因全长 cDNA 序列。【结果】 扩增获得兰州大尾羊5''端425 bp、3''端231 bp片段和 177 bp中间片段,拼接获得748 bp兰州大尾羊H-FABP基因全长cDNA 序列（GenBank登录号：JQ780322）。 兰州大尾羊H-FABP基因ORF长 402 bp,编码 133 个氨基酸。核苷酸序列分析显示兰州大尾羊H-FABP基因序列与大多数哺乳动物相似,但其第66位发生的碱基转换（T←→G）引起所编码的第22位天门冬氨酸（N）不同于其它所有物种的赖氨酸（K）。构建的基因进化树分析结果显示兰州大尾羊与山羊亲缘关系最近。预测兰州大尾羊H-FABP蛋白质的空间结构与山羊和牛H-FABP类似,由2个α螺旋和10个反向平行的β折叠组成,10 个折叠片围成一个桶状结构,疏水性残基位于桶内,用于结合脂肪酸。【结论】克隆了兰州大尾羊H-FABP基因,为进一步研究该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

Phylogeny and nomenclature of the genus Talaromyces and taxa accommodated in Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium

The taxonomic history of anamorphic species attributed to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium is reviewed, along with evidence supporting their relationship with teleomorphic species classified in Talaromyces. To supplement previous conclusions based on ITS, SSU and/or LSU sequencing that Talaromyces and subgenus Biverticillium comprise a monophyletic group that is distinct from Penicillium at the generic level, the phylogenetic relationships of these two groups with other genera of Trichocomaceae was further studied by sequencing a part of the RPB1 (RNA polymerase II largest subunit) gene. Talaromyces species and most species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticilliumsensu Pitt reside in a monophyletic clade distant from species of other subgenera of Penicillium. For detailed phylogenetic analysis of species relationships, the ITS region (incl. 5.8S nrDNA) was sequenced for the available type strains and/or representative isolates of Talaromyces and related biverticillate anamorphic species. Extrolite profiles were compiled for all type strains and many supplementary cultures. All evidence supports our conclusions that Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium is distinct from other subgenera in Penicillium and should be taxonomically unified with the Talaromyces species that reside in the same clade. Following the concepts of nomenclatural priority and single name nomenclature, we transfer all accepted species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium to Talaromyces. A holomorphic generic diagnosis for the expanded concept of Talaromyces, including teleomorph and anamorph characters, is provided. A list of accepted Talaromyces names and newly combined Penicillium names is given. Species of biotechnological and medical importance, such as P. funiculosum and P. marneffei, are now combined in Talaromyces. Excluded species and taxa that need further taxonomic study are discussed. An appendix lists other generic names, usually considered synonyms of Penicillium sensu lato that were considered prior to our adoption of the name Talaromyces. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES: Taxonomic novelties:New species - Talaromyces apiculatus Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, sp. nov. New combinationsand names - Talaromyces aculeatus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. albobiverticillius (H.-M. Hsieh, Y.-M. Ju & S.-Y. Hsieh) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. allahabadensis (B.S. Mehrotra & D. Kumar) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. aurantiacus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, Yilmaz, & Frisvad, T. boninensis (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz, & Frisvad, T. brunneus (Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. calidicanius (J.L. Chen) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. cecidicola (Seifert, Hoekstra & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. coalescens (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. dendriticus (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. diversus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. duclauxii (Delacr.) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. echinosporus (Nehira) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, comb. nov. T. erythromellis (A.D. Hocking) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. funiculosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. islandicus (Sopp) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. loliensis (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. marneffei (Segretain, Capponi & Sureau) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. minioluteus (Dierckx) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. palmae (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. panamensis (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. paucisporus (Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa) Samson & Houbraken T. phialosporus (Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. piceus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. pinophilus (Hedgcock) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. pittii (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. primulinus (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. proteolyticus (Kamyschko) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. pseudostromaticus (Hodges, G.M. Warner, Rogerson) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. purpurogenus (Stoll) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rademirici (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. radicus (A.D. Hocking & Whitelaw) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. ramulosus (Visagie & K. Jacobs) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rubicundus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rugulosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. sabulosus (Pitt & A.D. Hocking) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. siamensis (Manoch & C. Ramírez) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. sublevisporus (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. variabilis (Sopp) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. varians (G. Sm.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. verruculosus (Peyronel) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. viridulus Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad.     

细胞质对普通小麦面包加工品质的影响

为探明不同胞质背景对杂种小麦面包JJD-r品质的影响,测定了4个强筋品种与4个中弱筋品种按NCⅡ设计配制的32个正反交组合及T型、K型、AL型、A型4种胞质背景的14个组合的F2籽粒的硬度、GMP含量,Zeleny沉淀值、面团流变学参数和面包体积等面包加工品质性状.结果表明:①强筋组亲本对除吸水率和评价值之外的其他面包加工品质性状均具有显著的有利于面包加工品质的普遍胞质效应;豫麦34、郑麦9023和陕优225在多个面包加工品质性状方面具有显著有利的一般胞质效应;陕优225的面包体积的一般胞质效应为14 mL,达到5%的显著水平.因此,在面包小麦育种中要注意安排强筋亲本作母本.②就面包体积而言,T型和K型不育胞质相对于A型胞质具有有利的一般胞质效应,AL型不育胞质与A型胞质相当.组合T-西农772 X AL-RI的T型不育胞质的个别胞质效应为60 mL,组合K-西农772 X T6-3的K型不育胞质的个别胞质效应为98 mL,且均达5%的显著水平.T,K和AL型不育胞质可用于面包小麦杂种优势利用.     

Clinical effects of short-term oral budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease

Six dogs were entered into a 30-day, prospective, nonrandomized, uncontrolled clinical trial evaluating the effects of an oral preparation of budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during therapeutic management of active inflammatory bowel disease. Oral budesonide, at a dose of 3 mg/m(2), was administered once daily. Upon entry and completion of the trial, serum basal cortisol, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol, endogenous ACTH concentration, serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity, and urine specific gravity were evaluated, as well as owner assessment of glucocorticoid-associated side effects. Significant suppression of the HPA axis occurred. No significant differences in SAP activity, urine specific gravity, or owner-subjective assessments were detected.     

URETERAL FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYPS IN FOUR DOGS

Four dogs with ureteral fibroepithelial polyps, ranging from 9-12 years of age, are presented in this report. The patients presented with urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and/or polydypsia and pollakiuria. All dogs were intact at the time of diagnosis or for the majority of their lives and three were male. Various diagnostic procedures were performed including ultrasonography, contrast radiography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Not all procedures were performed in all patients. Findings included ureteral dilation proximal to the level of an intraluminal mass and ipsilateral hydronephrosis. Unilateral ureteronephrectomy was performed in three dogs with masses in the proximal ureter; ureteral resection and anastamosis was performed in the remaining patient with a mass located in the distal ureter. The same pathologist (RAP) reviewed all four lesions. The lesions appeared polypoid and were attached to the ureteral wall by a thin stalk. Histopathologically, they contained a superficial layer of well-differentiated transitional epithelial cells overlying a prominent fibrovascular stroma with a mild (three dogs) or marked (one dog) degree of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. This disease may represent a benign neoplasm or a chronic inflammatory reaction and has a good prognosis with surgical removal. Its histopathological characteristics, higher incidence in males, and location more commonly within the upper third of the ureter is remarkably similar to the disease in humans.     

Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams

A comparative (15)N-tracer study of nitrogen dynamics in headwater streams from biomes throughout North America demonstrates that streams exert control over nutrient exports to rivers, lakes, and estuaries. The most rapid uptake and transformation of inorganic nitrogen occurred in the smallest streams. Ammonium entering these streams was removed from the water within a few tens to hundreds of meters. Nitrate was also removed from stream water but traveled a distance 5 to 10 times as long, on average, as ammonium. Despite low ammonium concentration in stream water, nitrification rates were high, indicating that small streams are potentially important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide. During seasons of high biological activity, the reaches of headwater streams typically export downstream less than half of the input of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from their watersheds.