黄土坡面不同植被冠层降雨截留模型模拟效果及适用性评价

为探明植被冠层降雨截留水文生态效应,该文通过对黄土区坡面柠条林和杏树林冠层截留量的动态监测与模型模拟,分析了不同类型植被冠层降雨截留规律及其模型模拟的适用性。结果表明:2种不同类型植被冠层降雨截留的特征差异显著。柠条林冠层截留量随大气降雨量的增加而逐渐增加,稳定截留率约为15%。杏树林冠层截留率相对较低,特别是在降雨量小于5mm的量级,冠层"漏斗"效应明显。杏树林冠层截留率与降雨量之间未表现出明显的趋势关系,稳定截留率约为10%。对于柠条林冠层截留规律的模拟,以降雨量和冠层郁闭度为变量的崔启武模型的决定系数为0.74,以降雨量为变量的王彦辉模型的决定系数为0.68;但对于"漏斗"状结构的杏树林冠层,2个模型均未能得到较好的模拟结果。     

Distribution and function of allantoin (5-ureidohydantoin) in rice grains

Despite increasing knowledge of allantoin as a phytochemical involved in rice, relatively little is known about its distribution and function in rice grains. In this study, allantoin was quantified in 15 Chinese rice grains, and its contents varied with grain fraction, cultivar, and genotype. Bran always had the highest allantoin level, followed by brown rice and milled rice. Hull contained the lowest allantoin content. Allantoin in japonica bran ranged from 70 to 171 μg/g but rarely exceeded 100 μg/g in indica bran. There was a positive relationship between allantoin level in grains and seedling survival in seedbeds under low temperature or water deficit. Exogenous allantoin stimulated plant growth, increased soluble sugar and free proline contents, and decreased malondialdehyde content in rice seedlings. However, allantoin did not show any antioxidant activity through free radical-scavenging capacity, reducing power, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition, and chelating activity. The results suggest that allantoin in rice grains may play some roles in providing plant stress protection but not serving as a beneficial health antioxidant.     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

秸秆生物反应堆与菌肥对温室番茄土壤微环境的影响

为研究秸秆生物反应堆、微生物菌肥及两者配套措施对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性,以及作物生长的长期影响,试验以传统种植方式为对照(CK,常规栽培),研究了菌肥(T1,微生物菌肥4 kg/667 m2)、内置式秸秆生物反应堆(T2,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))及2种措施配套处理(T3,秸秆(4 t/667 m2)+发酵沟菌剂(8 kg/667 m2)+微生物菌肥(4 kg/667 m2)+腐熟猪粪(600 kg/667 m2))对土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:1)与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能够在一定时期内提高土壤含水率;而菌肥能够在一定时期内降低土壤含水率,秸秆生物反应堆能够显著降低土壤酸性和电导率(EC,electrical conductivity)值,缓冲土壤酸化和次生盐渍化;而单施菌肥对土壤酸碱性和EC值没有显著影响。2)秸秆生物反应堆(T2)增加了土壤中有机质的含量和土壤微生物量,降低土壤中速效磷、钾的含量;微生物菌肥(T1)降低了土壤中有机质含量和微生物量,而显著提升了土壤的速效磷、速效钾含量,两种措施配套处理效果则更明显。3)菌肥能够改善土壤微生物对多聚物、碳水化合物和氨基酸的利用效率,而秸秆生物反应堆能够促进土壤微生物对于一部分氨基酸、羧酸类、酚酸类和胺类物质的利用。而2种措施同时使用时,其促进和改善微生物碳代谢能力的作用则更加显著。4)各处理均能够在一定程度上增加各年度番茄产量。综合考虑,认为内置式秸秆生物反应堆和菌肥配套处理(T3)能够更好的改善和修复日光温室连作土壤,增加作物产量,是一种较为有效的农艺措施。     

农作物空间格局变化模拟模型的MATLAB实现及应用

Agent模型是研究农业土地系统复杂性与动态性的有效工具。在农作物空间格局变化模拟模型(CroPaDy,an agent-based model for simulating crop pattern dynamics)概念化设计的基础上,借助MATLAB平台开放性、矩阵运算能力强等特点,实现CroPaDy模型的数值模拟,并以黑龙江省宾县调查数据为依据,完成模型的区域实证研究。基于MATLAB的模型实现过程充分考虑了CroPaDy模型的多层次性(土地流转行为与作物选择行为)成功实现了3个子模块的动态嵌套模拟:1)Agent生成模块。基于已有的多源GIS数据、统计数据、典型调查数据、以及个体的通用规则,利用蒙特卡洛方法生成每一个个体Agent的属性信息;2)Agent分类模块。基于调查数据对受访农户进行态度聚类分析,然后借助人工神经网络方法确定所有生成的Agent所在的类型;3)Agent决策模块。利用概率方法,计算特定周期内每个Agent的决策行为。区域实证研究中,直接将空间耕地网格作为个体Agent,实现区域全覆盖(网格大小设置为114 m×114 m,约等于户均耕地面积),模拟结果表明,研究区2010年玉米、大豆、水稻、烤烟的模拟结果分别为2 6055.9、5 192.2、3 506.8、3 983.9 hm2,利用宾县统计年鉴(2010)进行验证,模型总体模拟精度达90%以上。CroPaDy模型的设计与实现科学合理,具有较强的理论性与可操作性,能够用以表达特定区域内的农作物空间格局及其动态变化过程。     

应用可见/近红外高光谱成像测定鲑鱼片脂肪含量分布(英文)

脂肪作为一种重要的品质参数,在大西洋鲑鱼片中的分布很不均匀。为寻找一种能替代脂肪化学检测的快速无损的方法,该研究应用可见/近红外高光谱成像测定大西洋鲑鱼片的脂肪含量分布。分别采用可见/短波近红外(400-1100 nm)和近红外(900-1700 nm)系统获取大西洋鲑鱼片样本的高光谱图像。提取样本图像的平均光谱并与其相应的脂肪含量化学值采用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)和最小二乘支持向量机(least-squares support vector machines,LS-SVM)建立相关性模型。为降低高光谱图像的共线性和冗余度,基于竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)分别在可见/短波近红外和近红外光谱区间提取16个(468,479,728,734,785,822,863,890,895,899,920,978,1005,1033,1040,1051 nm)和15个(975,995,1023,1047,1095,1124,1167,1210,1273,1316,1354,1368,1575,1632,1661 nm)特征波长,并分别建立PLSR和LS-SVM模型。特征波长模型的性能优于全波段模型,且近红外区间的特征波长PLSR模型为最优,预测决定系数(R2p)为0.92,预测均方根误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)为0.92%,剩余预测偏差(residual predictive deviation,RPD)为3.50。最后,将最优模型用于预测高光谱图像上所有像素点的脂肪含量以展示样本上脂肪的分布。此外,还基于该技术对大西洋鲑整鱼片实现了脂肪分布可视化。结果表明高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学方法在大西洋鲑鱼片脂肪的定量和分布可视化上有一定的研究和应用前景。     

环模制粒粉体旋转挤压成型扭矩模型构建及试验

环模制粒成型技术以其高效率、高成型率、低污染等优点广泛应用于饲料机械、生物质能源机械、化工、制药等领域,而环模制粒过程扭矩模型的缺失已成为制约制粒技术发展的瓶颈之一。该文旨在通过理论分析、数值模拟与试验研究,建立粉体旋转挤压制粒成型过程精确扭矩模型,为粉体旋转挤压制粒成型装备的节能降耗及优化设计奠定理论基础。针对各向同性粉体物料,基于微单元受力分析及广义胡克定律,建立了旋转挤压制粒成型过程中模孔不同深度位置挤压压强的计算公式;基于DPC模型及实际辊轧工艺,建立了旋转挤压成型过程有限元分析模型,进行了压紧区应力分析;基于有限元模拟分析结果,设定变形压紧区的压强分布为二次曲线,建立了变形压紧区、挤压区的压强分布模型;最后建立了粉体旋转挤压制粒成型扭矩模型。以无线扭矩测试系统及环模制粒机为试验平台进行了鸡饲料的环模挤压制粒试验,求解得到了所有模型常量。设计了9组扭矩测试试验进行模型验证,测试结果与理论计算对比表明,试验值与计算值差距较小,最大计算误差仅为2.6%,这反映出建立的模型正确有效,对指导环模制粒机结构优化与节能降耗具有重要的意义。     

淤地坝控制黄土高原坡沟系统重力侵蚀的空间特征

基于有限元技术,建立了关地沟4号坝上游典型坡沟系统的概化模型,结果发现随淤地坝坝地的淤高,坡沟系统的稳定性和滑塌量分别增强和减少,其随坝地淤高的变化分别满足二项式和直线规律;通过软件模拟计算,结果发现在坡沟系统重力侵蚀中,随着淤地坝的淤高,峁坡和沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量之比基本为1:50;峁坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的2%,而沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的98%,沟坡重力侵蚀是沟道泥沙的主要来源。该研究结果可为小流域沟道重力侵蚀的预报和侵蚀量的评估提供重要参数和科学依据。