Comparison of metabolic profiling of cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and extracts from blueberry in aged mice

The metabonomics changes of plasma and brain tissue after dietary supplementation with blueberry extracts (BBE) and cyanidin-3-O-galactoside from blueberry (BBM) in aged mice were investigated by (1)H NMR technique. The mice received intragastric administration of BBE (200 mg/kg/day), BBM (50 mg/kg/day), and saline water (0.9%) for 6 weeks, respectively, in the BBE, BBM, and control groups. At the end of the experiment, plasma and brain samples were collected for NMR analysis. The results demonstrated that the level of choline in plasma from BBE and BBM groups were obviously elevated relative to the control group, whereas the levels of lactate and phosphocholine in plasma were remarkably reduced. Compared with those in the control group, the levels of choline and GABA in the brain from the BBE group were obviously increased, whereas glutamate and phosphocholine in the BBE group were significantly decreased. The level of taurine in the brain from the BBM group was particularly higher than that in the control group. These results indicated supplementation with BBE or BBM might induce similar changes of endogenous plasma and brain metabolic profiles in aged mice.     

Impacts of methamidophos on the biochemical,catabolic, and genetic characteristics of soil microbial communities

Methamidophos is an organophosphate pesticide with high toxicity and may significantly affect soil microbes. However, the magnitude of this effect is unclear. We examined the effect of low and high inputs of methamidophos on the structure of the soil microbial community, and the catabolic activity and the genetic diversity of the bacterial community using the polyphasic approaches of microbial biomass, phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), community-level catabolic profiles (CLCPs), and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) patterns. Our results indicated that high methamidophos inputs significantly reduced total microbial biomass carbon (C_mic) and fungal biomass, but increased Gram-negative bacteria with no significant effects on the Gram-positive bacteria. Interestingly, CLCPs patterns showed that high methamidophos inputs also significantly improved the catabolic activity of Gram-negative bacteria. The ARDRA pattern showed that the genetic diversity of the bacterial community decreased under chemical stress. Furthermore, changes in the microbial parameters examined were less significant under low inputs than high inputs of methamidophos, suggesting a dosage effect of methamidophos on the microbial community. Our results provide the first evidence that methamidophos differentially affected components of the soil microbial community through inhibiting fungal growth but enhancing the biomass and catabolic activity of Gram-negative bacteria.     

Identification of aroma-active compounds in Jiashi muskmelon juice by GC-O-MS and OAV calculation

To identify aromatic compounds in Jiashi melon juice, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) analysis was used. Odor activity values (OAVs) were also calculated on the basis of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile compounds. Results showed that 42 volatiles were identified, among which 4 compounds, namely, diethyl carbonate, isophorone, 2-butoxyethyl acetate, and menthol, were identified or tentatively identified for the first time as volatiles in melon fruit. Twelve compounds, namely, (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, (3Z,6Z)-nona-3,6-dien-1-ol, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, (Z)-non-6-enal, (E)-2-nonenal, heptanal, methyl 2-methylbutyrate, nonanal, hexanal, and 2-methylpropyl acetate, were identified as the potent odorants of Jiashi melon juice by both OAV and detection frequency analysis (DFA). In addition, seven odorants were detected by all of the panelists and showed higher OAVs, indicating that DFA and OAV resulted in relatively similar "Jiashi" melon aroma patterns.     

大岩桐SPY同源基因的克隆及其功能分析

以大岩桐幼叶为材料,利用RACE技术克隆到SPY基因的全长cDNA,命名为SsSPY(Genbank:ACF96937)。序列分析表明,SsSPY包含一个完整的ORF,长度为2805bp,编码934个氨基酸;含有SPY基因所共有的TPR保守结构域。通过蛋白序列比对,发现SsSPY与矮牵牛的PhSPY有82%的同源性,与拟南芥的SPY有81%的同源性,与大麦的HvSPY有74%的同源性。将SsSPY置于CaMV35S启动子控制下在烟草中异位表达,转基因烟草表现出株高、花芽数、分枝数显著增加,节间变长等新表型,表明SsSPY参与了转基因烟草株形的发育及花芽的分化。     

Homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA with enhanced resistance to the rice sap-sucking pest Laodelphax striatellus

Homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing snowdrop lectin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), were investigated for resistance to the rice small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, an important rice sap‐sucking pest causing yield losses and serving as vector for some important rice viruses. Insect bioassay results revealed that both the GNA‐expressing homozygous lines tested significantly inhibited SBPH by decreasing its survival, its overall fecundity and retarding development. This is the first report on homozygous transgenic rice lines expressing GNA conferring enhanced resistance to SBPH. This result suggests that transgenic rice expressing GNA will be useful in rice pest resistance breeding, as an alternative to conventional breeding for the control of SBPH, and potentially alleviating damage caused by the viruses it transmits.     

棉花芽黄材料主要光合特性和农艺性状的研究

以v1、v2、v3、v4、v5v6、v8、v9、v10、v11、v13、v14、v15、v16v17、v18、v19、vg和彭泽芽黄等17份芽黄突变体材料及中棉所58突变体中58vsp为研究对象,测定了各材料不同时期不同叶位的SPAD值、叶绿素荧光参数最大光化学效率值(Fv/Fm)和光系统Ⅱ量子产量(φPSⅡ),同时对各芽黄突变体材料的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状进行了调查和研究。结果表明,芽黄材料作为一种叶色突变体,其叶片相对叶绿素含量在不同时期、不同叶位的差异较大,各芽黄材料均以倒5叶或倒4叶的SPAD值最高,刚展平的倒2叶的SPAD值最小,其中中58vsp的倒2叶SPAD值最低;随着植株的发育,所有芽黄材料在7月5日、15日其倒4、倒5叶的SPAD值达到最大。与光合作用密切相关的最大光化学效率值(Fv/Fm)和PSⅡ量子产量(φPSⅡ)在各芽黄突变体材料之间差异也较大,其中v2最高,v3、v19最低。另外还发现各芽黄突变体材料的主要农艺性状和纤维品质性状存在较大的差异。本文对于不同芽黄突变体材料特性的初步研究,将为更好地将芽黄突变体用于棉花遗传育种和分子生物学研究打下了理论基础。     

陆地棉转录因子GhNAC78基因的特征及功能分析

本实验室从陆地棉中克隆得到GhNAC78,分析了其基因特征及功能。该基因cDNA全长为937 bp,开放阅读框为876bp,编码291个氨基酸,隶属于NAM转录因子亚家族。体外转录激活实验表明,GhNAC78具有转录激活活性。上游启动子区1537 bp序列的生物信息学分析可知其包含多种激素、胁迫和光响应元件,表明GhNAC78广泛地参与植物生长发育和胁迫响应的调控。荧光定量结果显示,GhNAC78在棉花叶片衰老过程中高调表达,推测其参与叶片衰老的调控。     

基于隔离布防护的水稻冠层上方风速分布特征

为了确定隔离布防护转基因水稻基因漂流效果,设计了隔离布防护措施的田间试验,研究防护区内、外水稻冠层上方的风速分布特征。结果表明,背风面不同风向角的1 m高度风速变化规律基本相同,1~2.5 H（H为隔离布高度,2 m）区域内风速降低幅度最大;其次是2.5~5 H区域内,而在5~10 H区域内风速降低幅度相对较小;随着风向角的增大,风速降低幅度有所减小。迎风面不同风向角的1 m高度风速在2.5 H处风速降低幅度最大,为60%~70%。隔离区内1 m高度风速整体减小,越靠近隔离布,风速减小越明显。因此,隔离布防护风障降低隔离区内外风速明显,可有效缩短转基因水稻花粉扩散距离。