土壤肥沃耕层构建模式

详细介绍土壤的物质组成及作用,论述构建土壤肥沃耕层对农业生产的重要意义及我国土壤耕层构建模式的发展历程,介绍一种将深翻和秸秆还田结合起来的土壤肥沃耕层构建新模式,为提高土壤耕层的肥力提供参考。     

土壤扬尘大气颗粒污染物的微观特征分析

[目的]结合形状与能谱成分,分析辨认土壤扬尘大气颗粒物。[方法]采集徐州市和枣庄市土壤颗粒物样品,运用扫描电镜、X射线能谱分析,对颗粒物样品进行了形态特征和表面元素相对含量分析。[结果]结合形态特征和能谱分析,土壤扬尘中主要含有石英、长石和土壤颗粒集合体,还含有少量的其他矿物颗粒。土壤扬尘的特征颗粒是石英、长石和土壤颗粒集合体。[结论]石英颗粒表面光滑致密、棱角分明,特征元素是Si;长石颗粒表面光滑致密、棱角分明,特征元素是Si、Al;土壤颗粒集合体的特征元素也是Si、Al。     

3个小麦新种质的选育与鉴定

针对目前山西省小麦抗病性差的现状,以携带有抗病基因的小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系92R137和92R149为亲本,与感病小麦品种忻96-74、矮多1号、黑粒小麦76杂交,进行抗病、丰产、优质和矮秆基因的重组,选育出3个抗病新种质G10,S06和S25,并综合应用农艺性状、细胞学、分子标记等方法对其进行鉴定。结果表明,G10为半矮秆、特大穗,对小麦白粉病和条锈病免疫;S06为矮秆,对白粉病免疫;S25具有5+10优质亚基、紫粒,对白粉病和条锈病免疫。G10,S06和S25是小麦抗病、优质育种的新种质材料。     

叶面补施水溶肥料对旱区小麦生长的影响

在洛阳市洛龙区农场进行的叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾、黄腐酸、黄腐酸＋含腐植酸水溶肥料与有机水溶肥料对干旱地区小麦生理指标及产量的影响试验表明,喷施水溶性肥料增强了小麦叶片的SOD和POD活性,提高了叶片的叶绿素含量,降低了叶片的相对电导率及丙二醛含量,以喷施黄腐酸＋含腐植酸效果最好,小麦折合产量7683.0 kg/hm2,较喷清水处理增产624.0 kg/hm2,增产率8.8%。     

不同硝铵比对霞多丽葡萄幼苗生长和氮素营养的影响

采用沙培试验,设置了等氮条件下5种不同硝铵比营养液处理,探讨了氮形态对霞多丽葡萄幼苗生长和氮素营养的影响。结果表明,霞多丽幼苗的生长量以硝铵比70/30时最大,全铵营养时最低;植株根系氮的平均吸收量在硝铵比为70/30时为最大值,达到70.89%,全铵营养时为最低值;叶片中的氮浓度和总氮量以全硝营养最大,全铵营养最低,后者仅是全硝营养的61.8%和19.46%。霞多丽幼苗根系内NH4+-N浓度与营养液中NH4+-N的浓度成极显著正相关(r=0.9805),且当铵态氮比例超过30%时根系中NH4+浓度显著增加。叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性以硝铵比70/30最高,当铵态氮比例大于30%,再继续增加铵态氮的比例时,显著抑制了叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性;而对根的硝酸还原酶活性无明显影响。试验证明,硝铵比70/30是霞多丽较适宜的氮素形态配比,较高比例的铵态氮增加了植株器官中NH4+的浓度,抑制了霞多丽幼苗的生长及对氮素的吸收积累。     

Patterns and drivers of seasonal water sources for artificial sand-fixing plants in the northeastern Mu Us sandy land, Northwest China

Understanding plant water-use patterns is important for improving water-use efficiency and for sustainable vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. However, seasonal variations in water sources and their control by different sand-fixing plants in water-limited desert ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this study, stable isotopic ratios of hydrogen (δ²H) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) in precipitation, soil water, groundwater, and xylem water were determined to document seasonal changes in water uptake by three representative plant species (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., and Salix psammophila) in the northeastern Mu Us sandy land, Northwest China. Based on the depth distribution and temporal variation of measured gravimetric soil water content (SWC), the soil water profile of the three species stands was divided into active (0.01 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.08 g g^-1, 20% < coefficient of variation (CV) < 45%), stable (0.02 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.05 g g^-1, CV < 20%), and moist (0.08 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.20 g g^-1, CV > 45%) layers. Annually, P. sylvestris, A. pedunculata, and S. psammophila obtained most water from deep (59.2% ±9.7%, moist layer and groundwater), intermediate (57.4% ±9.8%, stable and moist layers), and shallow (54.4% ±10.5%, active and stable layers) sources, respectively. Seasonally, the three plant species absorbed more than 60% of their total water uptake from the moist layer and groundwater in the early (June) dry season; then, they switched to the active and stable layers in the rainy season (July–September) for water resources (50.1%–62.5%). In the late (October–November) dry season, P. sylvestris (54.5%–66.2%) and A. pedunculata (52.9%–63.6%) mainly used water from stable and moist layers, whereas S. psammophila (52.6%–70.7%) still extracted water predominantly from active and stable layers. Variations in the soil water profile induced by seasonal fluctuations in precipitation and groundwater levels and discrepancies in plant phenology, root distribution, and water demand are the main factors affecting the seasonal water-use patterns of artificial sand-fixing plants. Our study addresses the issue of plant water uptake with knowledge of proportional source-water use and reveals important implications for future vegetation restoration and water management in the Mu Us sandy land and similar desert regions around the world.     

祁连山保护区森林生态系统现状与保护对策

在祁连山保护区森林资源清查基础上，采用生态系统理论和方法，分析了祁连山水源涵养林生态系统存在的问题，提出了创新保护机制、减轻系统压力、科学封山育林、人工造林、按照德国近自然林业理论进行经营、加强科学研究等保护对策，强调保护必须与科学经营相结合，对林草地实行“轮封、轮育、轮牧”，严禁死封硬管。     

新形势下高校档案管理模式的转变

知识经济时代的高速发展,给高校档案管理模式提出新的要求,在高校档案载体的形成、管理服务方式、管理人员的素质等方面都需要改革。实施档案数字化工程,形成现代化的档案信息库、档案及时收集,提高档案收集率、转变服务方式,强化开发利用才可以使高校档案管理模式的转变生成高、新效益,在学校建设发展中发挥其特殊的、重要的作用。     

NaCl和NaHCO_3胁迫对黑豆种子萌发的影响

以黑豆种子为试材,采用单盐胁迫的方法,对种子发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、活力指数、复萌率指标进行了测定分析;通过研究不同浓度NaCl和NaHCO3溶液胁迫对黑豆种子萌发的影响,探讨黑豆的耐盐碱能力。结果表明:黑豆的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗鲜重和胚根长随NaCl和NaHCO3溶液胁迫增加总体上呈下降趋势;苗鲜重和胚根长随着溶液胁迫的增长而下降,呈现显著的负相关关系,相对盐害率随溶液胁迫的增加呈现正相关关系;NaCl胁迫下黑豆种子萌发的耐盐浓度为18.253‰,半数抑制浓度为20.264‰,极限浓度为22.274‰;NaHCO3胁迫下黑豆萌发的耐盐浓度为18.316‰,半数抑制浓度为21.270‰,极限浓度为24.224‰;蒸馏水复萌试验表明,经NaCl胁迫后黑豆种子的复萌率均达到80%以上,黑豆种子经NaHCO3胁迫后复萌率均为0%;综上黑豆具有一定的抗耐盐碱能力。     

NaCl和NaHCO_3胁迫对车前种子萌发的影响

以车前种子为试材,采用单盐胁迫的方法,研究不同浓度的NaCl和NaHCO3溶液胁迫处理对车前种子萌发及解除胁迫后萌发的影响,探讨车前种子耐盐碱的能力。结果表明:浓度为4‰的NaCl和NaHCO3的溶液均对车前种子的萌发起促进作用,随着浓度的升高,盐胁迫对种子萌发的抑制作用逐渐增强,呈现显著地负相关关系;影响车前种子相对发芽率的NaCl浓度的适宜值和临界值分别是4.69‰和7.42‰;影响车前种子相对发芽率的NaHCO3浓度的适宜值和临界值分别是12.44‰和18.35‰;解除胁迫后,NaCl胁迫的种子复萌率在13.10%~56.33%,NaHCO3胁迫的种子复萌率在12.31%~36.52%。综上所述,车前种子具有较强的耐盐碱能力。