Pathogenic specialization in Melampsora epitea var. epitea on Salix

Eighteen isolates of the rust fungus Melampsora from different locations in England were tested for pathogenicity to a large range of willow clones ( Salix spp.) in experiments involving inoculation of leaf discs. Seventeen of the isolates were of leaf-infecting M. epitea var. epitea , 16 of which represented forms which alternated on Larix and one of which alternated on Ribes . The remaining isolate was of uncertain identity. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, 24 willow clones consisting of 20 Salix species and interspecific hybrids were inoculated with eight isolates from clones of S. viminalis . In the other experiment, 77 clones from 57 species or hybrids were inoculated with 10 isolates from several Salix spp. The M. epitea var. epitea isolates from S. viminalis clones were all similarly pathogenic, whilst most of the other isolates expressed distinct host specificity. Eight distinct pathotypes were recognized within M. epitea var. epitea . All except one of these alternated on Larix and could be assigned to three formae speciales which had been reported previously in Europe: four pathotypes to f.sp. larici-epitea typica , two to f.sp. larici-retusae , and one to f.sp. larici-daphnoides . The Ribes -alternating pathotype of M. epitea var. epitea infected only S. purpurea . Nine differential willow hosts are proposed as reference clones to distinguish between the larch-alternating pathotypes, the Ribes -alternating rust and the 'stem-infecting' form. The extent of pathogenic variation encountered amongst sexually reproducing rusts suggests that more pathotypes probably exist and will arise in future in response to selection given by long-term clonal willow plantings.     

Molecular cloning and expression of kidney‐type glutaminase from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and its up‐regulation by glutamine in primary culture enterocyte

Glutaminase (GLS) is the key enzyme of glutamine (Gln) metabolism and utilization. In this study, a cDNA encoding GLS protein was identified from common carp Cyprinus carpio intestine. The open reading frame of GLS cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 595 amino acids, which shows a high similarity with its zebrafish Danio rerio counterpart. Bioinformatic analysis showed the protein belongs to kidney‐type GLS. The putative protein has glutaminase domain and ankyrin repeats domain, which are highly conserved among vertebrate orthologues. Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the abundance of GLS mRNA was the highest in the white muscle, followed by the brain, eyeball and pituitary. Glutaminase was ubiquitously expressed in all intestinal segments of common carp. The activity of GLS did not distribute uniformly along the entire length of the intestine. In primary culture enterocyte, and the expression of GLS mRNA is up‐regulated quickly and effectively by Gln.     

禽白血病病毒J亚群诱导蛋鸡群多种肿瘤

2009年8月,山东泰安某海兰褐商品蛋鸡场,开产后产蛋率只有60％～70％,31周龄时,死亡率突然增加,最高达20％.患病鸡经大体剖检、病理组织学、PCR和免疫组织化学检测确诊为J亚群禽白血病.病理组织学检测发现送检鸡除了髓细胞瘤外,还存在明显的纤维肉瘤、组织肉瘤、腺癌和血管内皮瘤等肿瘤.纤维肉瘤单独存在,组织肉瘤、腺癌和血管内皮瘤分别和髓细胞瘤混合存在,本文详细描述了各肿瘤的组织学特点.ALV-J从肉种鸡传向商品蛋鸡后引起肿瘤谱扩展的原因和机制值得进一步研究.     

黄粉虫粪不同用量对制种黄瓜幼苗质量的影响

研究了营养土中不同黄粉虫粪搀入量对马坊营旱黄瓜幼苗生长的影响，结果表明：用黄粉虫粪与营养土按1：(160-320)(体积比)混配的基质进行黄瓜育苗，能促进幼苗生长，显著提高幼苗简单指标、相对指标和复合指标的值。     

绿色巴夫藻的光生物反应器半连续培养研究

实验利用一种气升式光生物反应器进行了绿色巴夫藻的半连续培养研究,详细探讨了更新率、更新周期等因素与藻细胞的生长、采收量、产率及氮、磷营养盐的利用之间的关系。实验发现,更新率、更新周期和起始更新时间均是半连续培养的重要参数。半连续培养间的生长速率随更新率的上升而增大,随更新周期的延长而减小。采收量和更新率间呈一抛物线关系,更新率为30%最大,为1.70g/d;产率随更新率的增大而减小,在10%时达到0.58g/L·d,而50%时仅为0.26g/L·d;在30%的更新率下,随着更新周期的延长,采收的藻细胞密度增大。但24d的更新培养期内总采收量随周期的延长而下降,1d组为33.68g,而4d组只有17.66g。对于采收藻液的PO4P和NO3N平均含量,随更新率的增大而上升,更新率为10%时二者分别为0.350mg/L、0.064mg/L,而50%时分别上升至0.796mg/L和1.956mg/L;PO4P平均含量随更新周期的延长而下降,1d组和4d组分别为0.353mg/L和0.185mg/L,而NO3N平均含量在各更新周期间无显著变化,稳定在0.060mg/L左右。综合考虑各指标,以30%的更新率和1d为更新周期是绿色巴夫藻光生物反应器半连续培养的一个较佳模式。     

基于主成分分析和聚类分析的贵州烟叶品质类型划分

本研究把烟叶外观质量评价和常规化学成分评价相结合,建立基于主成分分析和聚类分析的Fisher判别函数的烟叶质量评价模型,对贵州烤烟的品种类型进行划分,旨在为烟叶质量评价提供科学方法,并在生产上进行指导。     

松茸菌株对6种松树幼苗的感染及其菌根解剖学研究

利用我国滇产松茸9924菌株及日产松茸99606菌株，分别对云南松、华山松、马尾松、火炬松、湿地松及加勒比松6种松树幼苗实施人工菌根接种。研究结果表明，接种后90d的云南松和湿地松分别有75％和78．1％的幼苗受感染并形成菌根；接种后180d,6种松树幼苗分部都可形成菌根，菌根感染率分别达90．63％－100％，感染指数达50．00－84．68；菌根形态主要有棒状、二叉分枝状及多叉分枝状3种；随树种的不同，各类菌根形态所占比例也不同；不同树种根系上形成菌根的长度也有差异，以马尾松根系上的菌根最长，华山松的菌根最短；此外，各种组合之间在菌套厚度，哈蒂氏网结构上也略有差别。     

应用电导仪测定番茄灰霉病菌对多菌灵抗药性的初步研究

1.0 mg/L和5.0 mg/L多菌灵盐酸盐溶液处理灰霉病菌多菌灵敏感菌株和抗性菌丝体,用电导仪测定溶液电导率的动态变化,结果表明:在敏感菌株存在时,多菌灵盐酸盐溶液2 h后的电导率显著降低,而抗性菌株存在的溶液中电导率则未见下降。     

柴油机燃烧甲醇/生物柴油尾气颗粒物热解特性分析

采集了甲醇/生物柴油(5%、10%、15%)混合燃料在柴油机燃烧的尾气颗粒。采用热重分析仪和切线法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)热解动力学方法,研究颗粒挥发及氧化规律,分析了颗粒热解特征温度和活化能。结果表明:随着甲醇掺混量的增加,颗粒中H_2O的质量分数由2.6%增加到3.5%,可溶有机物(soluble organic fraction,SOF)质量分数由26.1%增加到32.5%,SOF的质量变化速率增大,对应的峰值温度后移;在O_2氛围中,SOF挥发阶段与在N2氛围中的表现基本一致,但质量变化速率明显增大;碳烟(soot)质量减小,由70.3%减少到63.8%,soot质量变化率峰值增大;SOF析出温度变化较小,soot起始燃烧温度明显降低,由488℃降低到458℃,SOF起始燃烧温度与燃尽温度均有所降低,颗粒的热解总反应时间缩短;颗粒的热解反应活化能由140.3 k J/mol降低117.3 k J/mol,颗粒的热解性能增强,颗粒更易被氧化。研究结果可为甲醇/生物柴油燃烧颗粒的处理及柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)再生提供依据。     

Nitrous oxide emission as affected by changes in soil water content and nitrogen fertilization

Nitrous oxide emission was measured in laboratory incubations of an alluvial soil (58% clay, pH 7.4). The soil was amended with 40 mg N kg⁻¹ as NaNO₃ or NH₄Cl, or with NaCl as a control. Each fertilization treatment was adjusted to three different water contents: constant 60% WHC (water-holding capacity), constant 120% WHC, and water content alternating between 60 and 120% WHC. During an 8-day incubation period N₂O emission rates and inorganic nitrogen concentrations in soil (NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻) were determined at regular intervals. In the control and after nitrate application small N₂O emission rates occurred with only minor variations over time, and no differences between the water treatments. In contrast, with ammonium application N₂O emission rates were much higher during the first two days of incubation, with peaks in the constant 60% WHC and 120% WHC at day 1 and in the changing-water treatment at day 2, when the first wet period (120% WHC) was completed. This N₂O peak in the changing-water treatment was 4 to 9 times higher than with constant WHC and occurred when both, NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations declined sharply. Thus, this N₂O emission flush can be attributed to nitrifier denitrification. After the second rewetting of the NH₄⁺-amended soil no further N₂O emission peak was observed, being in accordance with small NH₄⁺ and NO₂⁻ concentrations in soil at that time. The unexpectedly small N₂O fluxes in the constant 120% WHC treatment after nitrate application were probably caused by the reduction of N₂O to N₂ under the prevailing conditions. It can be concluded that continuous wetting or flooding of a soil is an effective measure to reduce N₂O emissions immediately after the application of NH₄⁺ fertilizers.