γ-氨基丁酸对夏季高温期生长肥育猪生产性能、抗氧化及HPA、HPT轴激素分泌的影响

为探讨日粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)对夏季高温期生长肥育猪生长性能、抗氧化及HPA、HPT轴相关激素分泌的影响,试验选用(43.07±5.76)kg"杜长大"三元杂交猪96头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复8头.试验采用单因子设计,按日粮添加水平设基础日粮组(0 mg·kg-1GABA)、基础日粮+10 mg·kg-1GABA、基础口粮+20 mg·kg11GABA、基础日粮+40 mg·kg-1GABA 4个处理,试验期48 d.结果表明:各处理对夏季高温期生长肥育猪的生产性能都有影响,其中以10 mg·kg-1处理效果最优,全程日增体质量提高13.08%(P<0.01),料重比降低7.81%(P<0.01),但各试验组猪日采食量无显著变化.10mg·kg-1GABA使血清GSH-Px活件极显著提高(P<0.01),SOD活性提高,MDA含量下降,但未达显著水平(P>0.05);10 mg·kg-1GABA显著降低HPA轴激素皮质醇、皮质酮及ACTH水平(P<0.05),显著升高HPT轴激素T3及FT3水平(P<0.05),但对T4及FT4无显著影响(P>0.05).综上,饲粮中添加GABA改善了夏季高温期牛长肥育猪的生产性能,本研究条件下以10 mg·kg-1处理效果最优;10 mg·kg-1GABA还降低了夏季高温对猪造成的应激并使其抗氧化性能及甲状腺机能增强.     

养蜂时时防敌害

春天到了,气温回升,万物复苏,各种虫害相继发生。在3～5月,蜘蛛大量繁殖,白天、晚上不停织网,特别是在夜间。每天早上蜂箱附近的物体上挂上蜘蛛网,早上蜜蜂飞出撞在网上,难以挣脱,有的被蜘蛛咬伤,不久死去。我坚持每天早起,清除蜂箱周围蜘蛛网并消灭蜘蛛。     

Ozone impairs autumnal resorption of nitrogen from birch (Betula pendula) leaves, causing an increase in whole-tree nitrogen loss through litter fall

Saplings of one half-sib family of birch, Betula pendula Roth, were exposed to three ozone concentrations (non-filtered air (NF); non-filtered air + 10-20 nmol O(3) mol(-1) (NF+); non-filtered air + 40-60 nmol O(3) mol(-1) (NF++)) in open-top chambers during two growing seasons from 1997 to 1998. Shed leaves were collected regularly during both growing seasons and, in 1998, the dry mass (DM) and nitrogen (N) concentrations ([N]) of the shed leaves were measured to quantify the total amount of N lost through litter fall. Dry mass and [N] were also determined in mid-August for attached, mature and non-senescent leaves, in order to estimate autumnal leaf N resorption efficiency and proportional leaf DM decrease. Net photosynthetic capacity was measured during August and September 1998, in a population of leaves that emerged in mid-July. Photosynthesis declined with increasing leaf age in the NF++ treatment, whereas it remained high throughout the measurement period in the NF and NF+ treatments. In both years, leaves abscised prematurely in the NF++ treatment, whereas this effect was only significant in 1998 in the NF+ treatment. There was a strong linear relationship between proportional leaf shedding and daylight ozone exposure above a threshold of 40 nmol mol(-1) (daylight AOT40) during the growing season. The resorption of N was significantly impaired by ozone, and the smaller autumnal decrease in leaf DM in elevated ozone concentrations suggested that the bulk resorption of leaf DM was also inhibited. Nitrogen resorption efficiencies were 81, 73 and 63% and leaf mass decreases were 45, 36 and 30% in the NF, NF+ and NF++ treatments, respectively. Compared with the NF treatment, total N loss through litter fall was increased by 16 and 122% in the NF+ and NF++ treatments, respectively. We conclude that ozone impaired N resorption from birch leaves before abscission, causing a substantial increase in whole-tree N loss through litter fall.     

Determination of flavonoids and phenolics and their distribution in almonds

Limited information is available concerning the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, in almonds. We determined total phenols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids in California almond (Prunus dulcis) skins and kernels among the principal almond varieties (Butte, Carmel, Fritz, Mission, Monterey, Nonpareil, Padre, and Price) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/electrochemical detection and UV detection. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry under identical HPLC conditions was utilized to verify identities of the predominant flavonoids and phenolic acids. Total phenols ranged from 127 (Fritz) to 241 (Padre) mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g of fresh weight. The analyses were compiled to produce a data set of 18 flavonoids and three phenolic acids. The predominant flavonoids were isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (in combination), catechin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-galactoside at 16.81, 1.93, 1.17, 0.85, 0.83, and 0.50 mg/100 g of fresh weight almonds, respectively. Using the existing approach of calculating only the aglycone form of flavonoids for use in the U.S. Department of Agriculture nutrient database, whole almonds would provide the most prevalent aglycones of isorhamnetin at 11.70 (3.32), kaempferol at 0.60 (0.17), catechin at 1.93 (0.55), quercetin at 0.72 (0.20), and epicatechin at 0.85 (0.24) mg/100 g of fresh weight (mg/oz serving), respectively. These data can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of action underlying the relationship between almond consumption and health-related outcomes and provide values for whole and blanched almonds suitable for inclusion in nutrient databases.     

种植密度及留叶数对津引品种‘KRK26’主要经济性状的影响

为探索津引品种‘KRK26’在云南省昭通市的栽培技术,研究种植密度和留叶数对其主要经济性状的影响。结果表明：以株行距为120 cm×55 cm、留叶数为21片的处理的产量、产值和产指最高;以株行距为120 cm×55 cm、留叶数为23片的处理的均价、级指和上等烟比例最高。在昭通市种植津引品种‘KRK26’以采用行距120 cm、株距55 cm、留叶数21~23片的栽培措施较适宜。     

基于自然灾害的农村贫困效应研究——以广西西南TL村的水灾调查为例

采取偶遇抽样的方法对TL村的贫困户与非贫困户进行了问卷调查,调查了2008年9月的水灾对该村贫困户与非贫困户的生计资产的影响。结果表明:贫困户的受教育水平和健康状况较差;耕地拥有量及作物面积少;房屋质量差;存款少、金融借贷能力低下;通过个人社会关系获取帮助的能力低下。     

茶叶渣对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附研究

为研究茶叶渣对水溶液中Cu2+的吸附及其机理,利用台湾高山茶叶渣对水溶液中Cu2+进行了吸附实验,考察pH、吸附时间、反应温度、Cu2+初始浓度等因素对吸附效能之影响。实验结果表明：台湾高山茶叶渣对Cu2+有很好吸附效果,吸附平衡时间约为60 min;随着反应温度增加,对Cu2+的吸附效能逐渐提高。在固定初始Cu2+浓度、吸附时间、震荡转速及反应温度下,pH会影响茶叶渣对Cu2+的吸附效能,pH 4时吸附效果最佳。对Cu2+的吸附效能均可使用Langmuir与Freundlich等温吸附方程式进行推估,但比较相关系数,前者较后者有更佳的推估能力;分别计算30、40和50℃下的吸附热力学参数,对应的吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)均为负,表明该反应自发进行;焓变(ΔH0)＞0,证实该反应为吸热反应;熵变(ΔS0)＞0,说明该吸附反应是熵增的过程;茶叶渣吸附前后的红外谱图分析,表明物理吸附为茶叶渣吸附Cu2+的主要机制。     

基于机器视觉的高原鼠兔智能监测系统

高原鼠兔是青藏高原以及邻近地区破坏草地生态的主要生物灾害之一.防治高原鼠兔的危害,就必须对该区的鼠兔数量、危害程度进行调查研究,才有可能采取经济有效的防治措施.传统的调查研究方法不仅耗费大量的人力、物力,并且难以实现对鼠兔长期、连续的监测.随着传感技术、生物识别等技术的发展,可以利用智能监测系统对鼠兔进行监测和研究.基于此,本文提出了一种基于机器视觉的高原鼠兔智能监测系统,对系统的构成进行了介绍,并对其中的关键技术做了说明.与传统的鼠害调查方法相比,该系统能够实现对鼠类活动无接触、动态、连续的监测,对鼠兔的防治以及改善高原的草地生态环境具有重要的意义.     

厚朴药材研究进展

就厚朴的分布、生物学特性、化学成分、药理作用及提取方法进行综述,以期为厚朴的开发应用提供依据。     

Glyphosate-resistant weeds of South American cropping systems: an overview

Herbicide resistance is an evolutionary event resulting from intense herbicide selection over genetically diverse weed populations. In South America, orchard, cereal and legume cropping systems show a strong dependence on glyphosate to control weeds. The goal of this report is to review the current knowledge on cases of evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds in South American agriculture. The first reports of glyphosate resistance include populations of highly diverse taxa (Lolium multiflorum Lam., Conyza bonariensis L., C. canadensis L.). In all instances, resistance evolution followed intense glyphosate use in fruit fields of Chile and Brazil. In fruit orchards from Colombia, Parthenium hysterophorus L. has shown the ability to withstand high glyphosate rates. The recent appearance of glyphosate-resistant Sorghum halepense L. and Euphorbia heterophylla L. in glyphosate-resistant soybean fields of Argentina and Brazil, respectively, is of major concern. The evolution of glyphosate resistance has clearly taken place in those agroecosystems where glyphosate exerts a strong and continuous selection pressure on weeds. The massive adoption of no-till practices together with the utilization of glyphosate-resistant soybean crops are factors encouraging increase in glyphosate use. This phenomenon has been more evident in Argentina and Brazil. The exclusive reliance on glyphosate as the main tool for weed management results in agroecosystems biologically more prone to glyphosate resistance evolution.