藜麦研究进展及发展前景

藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa),苋科藜属植物,原产于南美洲安第斯山脉高原地区,具有大约5000~ 7000年的种植历史,是当地印加人备受推崇的主要粮食作物之一,近些年因为其全面的营养价值和均衡的氨基酸比例以及药用保健价值收到追捧,引起了许多科研工作者的兴趣。为了给科研工作者提供一些研究方向的参考,通过对国内外对藜麦的研究文献进行汇总,归纳了在藜麦的引种栽培、营养成分分析、产品开发利用、遗传谱系研究、抗逆性研究、抗病虫害研究等方面的最新研究进展,提出了一些在研究中尚未解决的问题,如藜麦在低海拔地区产量和品质降低、藜麦的多种药用保健作用、藜麦副产物的利用等,将成为未来研究的重点方向,并分析了藜麦作为一种杂粮作物在中国西北地区的引种栽培以及发展潜力。     

Mapping QTL of Fiber Yield and Quality Traits in F2 Populations of Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines from Gossypium hirsutum × Gossypium barbadense

In this study, F₂ populations from two chromosome segment substitution lines MBI7455 and MBI7358, were quantified using SSR to evaluate the parents' genotype and detect QTL related to fiber quality plus yield traits of cotton. Results show that the recurrent parent (CCRI45) hosted 96.70% and 95.60% of chromosome segment substitution in MBI7455 with 12 chromosome segments and in MBI7358 with 16 chromosome substitution segments of Gossypium barbadense, respectively. In the F₂ population, the average rate of chromosome substitution of the recurrent parent (CCRI45) was 96.44%, and the average segments of chromosome substitution of Gossypium barbadense was 13.42, with an average segments of homozygous donor chromosome value of 3.90. Analysis showed 19 fiber quality-related QTL with a phenotypic variance of between 2.52%-13.11% and seven yield traits-related QTL with a range of 2.93%-11.40% phenotypic variance, resulting in a total of 26 QTL. The CSSLs could be used to detect QTL for fiber yield and quality traits, which offer an important foundation for the cotton molecular-assisted breeding.     

陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标筛选与评价

为筛选出陆稻苗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以24个云南陆稻品种为材料,采用反复干旱存活率作为标准,分析各测定指标与抗旱性的相关关系并对供试品种的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,心叶下倒1叶长、心叶下倒2叶长、心叶下倒2叶宽、根干重和根冠比等5个形态指标的相对值与反复干旱存活率呈显著或极显著的相关性,可作为苗期抗旱性鉴定的形态指标。以反复干旱存活率为因变量,5个综合指标为自变量建立的回归方程对24个供试品种的抗旱性进行预测,其结果与芽期抗旱鉴定呈显著相关关系。     

陆地棉Ghkinesin13亚家族基因的克隆及表达特征分析

Kinesin家族是一类马达蛋白,它们能利用ATP水解所释放的能量驱动自身携带物质分子沿着微管运动,在细胞形成、细胞伸长等方面起着关键作用。本研究以拟南芥Atkinesin-13A蛋白序列作为探针序列,利用Blast比对从二倍体雷蒙德氏棉的基因组数据库中发现7个具有较高同源关系的基因。根据基因序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术从陆地棉纤维中分离出7个基因。依据7个基因与Atkinesin-13A和Atkinesin-13B的同源性高低,依次将其命名为Gh KIS13A1、Gh KIS13A2、Gh KIS13A3、Gh KIS13B1、Gh KIS13B2、Gh KIS13B3和Gh KIS13B4。生物信息学分析表明,7个Ghkinesin13均含有典型的KISC马达区域、ATP结合位点和微管结合位点,其马达区域属于中央马达。多重序列比对和进化树分析发现,这7个蛋白可被分为2个(Kinesin13A和Kinesin13B)亚类。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,7个Ghkinesin13亚家族基因在棉花各组织中均有表达,但表达模式各不相同,其中Gh KIS13B4在纤维中优势表达,表明其在纤维发育过程中可能发挥着重要作用。     

四川省规模化养猪场污染物排放清单

为了摸清楚四川省规模化生猪养殖污染物排放量及分布,为后续污染治理政策研究提供支持,基于四川省2013年的规模化养猪场生猪饲养量的统计和四川省规模化养猪场的产排污系数调研,计算了四川省2013年规模化养猪业污染物产排放量。经计算,四川省2013年规模化养猪场产生的粪便量总共达317.38万t,尿液达759.475万t。四川省规模化养猪场排放的污染物化学需氧量达到18.0679万t,排放的总氮达到1.6665万t,排放的总磷为0.1734万t。四川省生猪养殖污染物排放量最大的5个市分别是南充、广元、成都、绵阳和德阳,是今后四川省畜禽养殖污染控制重点地区。     

System of Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Some ideas are given about using out-clock, CPU and anti-T-net of D/A card for getting to the intelligent control of scanning voltage ,low-filter and hign-filter of STM; logarithm amplifier for tunnelling current contraction. At last, some applications and questions when it running about STM are discussed.     

挤压超声联用提取米糠多糖工艺优化

为了提高米糠多糖得率,将挤压与超声方法联用,在单因素试验基础上采取二次正交旋转组合试验,研究了酶法提取米糠多糖的挤压工艺条件和超声波处理条件,并构建了超声波处理的数学模型.试验结果表明:在物料含水率20％、挤压温度115℃、螺杆转速120 r/min的挤压条件下,获取的米糠经酶解后,在处理时间21 min、超声波功率117W、处理温度72℃、液料比为8.7 mL/g的优化条件下,米糠多糖得率可达7.18％.     

正镶白旗风沙土农田实施保护性耕作研究

传统的耕作制度使地表裸露、土层疏松、蒸发强烈,是引起风蚀和水蚀的重要原因。在探索改变耕作技术以控制水土侵蚀的实践中,以免耕少耕为主的保护性耕作技术成为重要的技术措施。通过在内蒙古正镶白旗风沙土农田建立试验对比田,探讨和研究保护性耕作对作物生长、产量及生态环境的影响。研究结果表明:选择合适的配套作业机具,采取秋冬农闲期留高茬覆盖方式、免耕少耕播种技术、化学和人工除草相结合、深松技术等对小麦实行保护性耕作,与传统耕作相比,可节本增效273.6～296.1元/hm2。保护性耕作技术减少地表雨水径流和蒸发,增加土壤雨水渗透,增强了农作物的抗旱性,提高了干旱地区农牧业生产能力,为正镶白旗农牧业可持续发展及恢复生态开辟了一条新的途径。     

长链非编码RNA的生物学功能研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是转录本长度超过200个核苷酸(nt)的,可在表观遗传、转录以及转录后等多层面上调控基因表达的一类RNA。高通量转录组分析结合RNA-免疫共沉淀等研究揭示了lncRNA与DNA、mRNA、miRNA和蛋白的相互作用及其过程中的重要调控功能。论文从lncRNA的概念、分类、生物学功能及其在癌症等疾病发生、发展中的作用等方面系统介绍了该领域最新研究成果,为深入研究lncRNA在机体代谢和相关疾病中的调控功能提供参考。     

Soil drought duration and severity affect cotton boll biomass by altering recovery times and carbon dynamics of subtending leaf

Drought appears at flowering and boll formation for cotton frequently. However, reports on the impact of carbon dynamics in the subtending leaf on boll biomass under periodic droughts are limited. To investigate this, experiments were carried out with two cultivars (drought-tolerant: Dexiamian 1; drought-sensitive: Yuzaomian 9110), three water levels [soil relative water content (SRWC): control (75 ± 5)%, moderate drought (60 ± 5)%, severe drought (45 ± 5)%] and five drought durations (10, 17, 24, 31 and 38 days). A 38-day drought declined the net photosynthetic rate of subtending leaf, which could be collectively attributed to the reduction in carboxylation with reduced ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity, and stomal limitation with decreased stomatal conductance, along with the damage of photosynthetic apparatus with depressed maximum and actual photochemical quantum yield, leading to lower starch content. A 38-day drought also increased the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (Susy) and expressions of genes (GhSPS1, GhSPS2, GhSusA and GhSusB) associated with these enzymes, causing the accumulation of sucrose content, finally resulting in lower boll biomass. Some of the above parameters fully recovered under more than 17-day moderate drought or over 10-day severe drought, but boll biomass still decreased after re-watering. Under 10-day moderate drought, all aforementioned indices and boll biomass were completely recovered within 7 days of re-watering, and the recovery capacity of Yuzaomian 9110 was lower than that of Dexiamian 1. Therefore, rapid recovery of photosynthesis and decline in the subtending leaf sucrose content to pre-stress levels are important factors in lessening the impacts of drought on boll biomass and are indicative of cultivar tolerance to short-term moderate water deficit.