Performance of broiler chicks fed on alkali‐treated neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel cake as a protein supplement

1. An experiment was conducted to evaluate growth and nutrient efficiency of broiler chicks from 3 to 42 d fed on diets containing alkali‐treated neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) kernel cake (NKC) as a protein supplement in place of peanut meal (PNM).

2. NKC was treated with sodium hydroxide at 10 (ANKC 1) or 20 g (ANKC 2)/kg and incorporated into the test diets at 135 or 300 g/kg to replace 50 (low—L) or 100 (High—H) % of the PNM protein of the reference diet.

3. Despite comparable retentions of dry matter and total carbohydrate on L‐ANKC 1 and 2, fibre on L‐and H‐ANKC 2 and nitrogen, calcium and acid detergent fibre on all experimental diets compared to the retentions of chicks on the reference diet, only the chicks fed L‐ANKG 2 were found to grow and utilise food as well as those on the reference diet.

4. The activities of serum alkaline phosphatase on H‐ANKC 1 and alanine amino transferase on all test diets were depressed (P < 0.05), but the activity of serum aspartate amino transferase, total erythrocyte count and concentration of blood haemoglobin and urea were similar in all chicks.

5. No significant differences were noticed in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the meat of chicks fed on the reference diet and on diets incorporating ANKC at the lower concentrations. Feeding ANKC protein did not impart any untoward taste as evaluated in pressure cooked meat by a semitrained panel on a 7 point Hedonic scale.

6. Except for duodenal and jejunal inflammation in chicks on both reference and test diets, all the vital organs were normal, ruling out any adverse affects caused by residual neem bitters.

7. Comparable performance and cost of chicks fed on the reference and L‐ANKC 2 diets, warrants the utilisation of hitherto wasted protein‐rich NKC after alkali treatment in broiler chick diets to spare peanut meal for human consumption in developing countries.     

Xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination in farmed deer. I: dose rate comparison

Six 1-year-old farmed red deer were used to compare physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of 5% xylazine with or without the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. Each deer was randomly assigned to one of six treatments: xylazine alone at 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg, the xylazinelfentanyl citrate/azaperone combination containing 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg/kg of xylazine, or a sterile water control. Injections were given intramuscularly in the anterior neck, operator blind, on each of 6 sampling days between October and January, such that each deer received all treatments with 9-28 days between each treatment. Measurements included heart rate and respiration rate. A 0-3 scoring system (normal to nil response, respectively) was devised to record sedative responses (body stance, head position, degree of eye closure, palpebral reflex, resistance to movement of the head, response to noise) and analgesic responses to touch and pinching of the ear, and response to a needle prick in the gluteal region. Scores were added to produce a sedation score and analgesia score, respectively, for each treatment. Records were taken immediately prior to injection and thereafter at 5, 14, 25, 35, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240 and 300 minutes. All deer given each dose rate of the xylazine and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination became recumbent. There was a tendency for the time to recumbency and variation of time to recumbency to be shorter at higher dose rates and with the addition of fentanyl citrate and azaperone to xylazine, particularly with xylazine at 0.4 mg/kg. These trends were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The duration of recumbency was shorter with the low dose of the xylazine/fentanyl trateiazaperone combination (0.2 mg/kg of xylazine) than for the higher doses of xylazine alone or the combination of drugs (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in heart rates or respiration rates between treatments, although all treatments significantly reduced both heart and respiration rates (p<0.01). The sedation scores showed similar peak responses and timing to peak responses (14-25 min) to both drug treatments and all dose rates, but the responses were less persistent for lower doses. The analgesia scores showed a similar pattern, with peak responses 14-35 minutes after administration and more persistence at higher dose rates of both xylazine alone and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination. This study has shown that most physiological and behavioural responses to a range of doses of xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination were statistically similar. However, there was a tendency for recumbency to occur more rapidly and with less variation in timing when the mid-range dose of the drug combination was used, supporting the observation by practitioners that the drug combination results in a more rapid and reliable state of recumbency at a lower dose rate of xylazine.     

The effectiveness of benzimidazole-levamisole combination drenches in the presence of resistance to both benzimidazole and levamisole anthelmintics in New Zealand sheep

Examination of 25 cases of multiple benzimidazole and levamisole resistance, identified in sheep by faecal egg count reduction testing at the Batchelar, Lincoln and Invermay Animal Health Laboratories, showed that benzimidazole-levamisole combinations provided effective control in eight (47%) of 17 cases in which they were tested. Overall, the use of combination drenches resulted in average improvements in faecal egg count reductions of 25.6% (p<0.01) and 23.2% (p<0.05), respectively, over those achieved by the use of benzimidazole or levamisole drenches alone. The results suggest that instances of multiple resistance in which combination drenches might be effective are unlikely to be predictable either by identification of the parasites involved, or from the levels of benzimidazole or levamisole resistance present.     

Mortality in near‐term ostrich embryos during artificial incubation

1. The ostrich industry in South Africa (and elsewhere) experiences a high rate of embryo mortality during artificial incubation of eggs. Most of this mortality takes place in the last 10–14 d of incubation.

2. We carried out post‐mortem examinations on 111 embryos that died within this period to assess the causes of this mortality.

3. Malpositioning and severe oedema were the predominant symptoms of dead‐in‐shell embryos with 55% being malpositioned and 41% showing severe oedema. Of these, 22 embryos (24%) showed both symptoms. Malpositioning generally results from incorrect setting of the eggs or inadequate turning and oedema was significantly correlated with the amount of water lost from the eggs which in turn was correlated with egg size.

4. Myopathy, gross lesions of internal organs, haemorrhage, bacterial infections and congenital deformities were found in less than 10% of chicks examined for these symptoms.     

Book reviews

Amino Acids in Farm Animal Nutrition. Edited by J. P. F. D'Mello. 1994. 417 pp. £55.00 Wallingford, Oxon, CAB International. ISBN 0 85198 8814

Avian Hematology and Cytology. Terry W. Campbell. 1995. 104 pp. Illustrated. £48.00. Ames, Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0 8138 2970 4.     

Influence of temperature during growth on responses of hens to high or low temperatures during lay

1. Commercial pullets were grown at cool (10°‐20°C) or hot (25°‐35°C) temperatures to similar bodyweights at 18 weeks of age. Between 18 and 50 weeks the birds were either kept at the same temperatures as during growth or transferred to the alternate temperature.

2. Birds kept at the cool temperatures throughout life ate most food and gave the best production during lay. Minimum food intake and poorest performance were obtained with birds kept at the hot temperatures throughout life.

3. Performance in the hot environment during lay was improved by rearing birds in the cool environment, the response being related to an increased food intake. Food intake in the cool environment during lay was reduced, with only minor effects on performance, in birds which had been reared in the hot environment.

4. The results of the present study show that production responses during lay are affected by the temperatures experienced by hens during both growth and lay.     

The diagnosis of Neospora abortions in cattle

An indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific anti-Neospora antibodies in bovine sera and foetal fluids were compared with histological examination results on aborted foetal material. The agreement between serological and histological examination results was poor, while the two serological tests showed a high degree of agreement. Serological testing of diagnostic serum samples and foetal fluids suggests that the prevalence of anti-Neospora antibodies in cattle which recently aborted is around 40%, in line with previous estimates of the number of abortions in dairy cattle caused by Neospora sp. A sero-epidemiological approach to the diagnosis of Neospora abortions in cattle may be suggested from these data.     

Some coat protein constituents from strawberry latent ringspot virus expressed in transgenic tobacco protect plants against systematic invasion following root inoculation by nematode vectors

The coding sequences in RNA2 for the coat proteins (CP) of strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) were modified and amplified using polymerase chain amplification reactions (PCR) to facilitate their expression inAgrobacterium tumefaciens-transformedNicotiana tabacum Xanthi-nc. The coding sequences for the smaller capsid protein (S, 29kDa) and that for the theoretical precursor of L and S (P, 73kDa) had ATG initiation codon sequences added at the 5-proximal Ser/Gly (S/G) cleavage site in the unmodified sequence. The sequence coding for the larger of the two proteins of mature SLRSV capsids (L, 44kDa) had an ATG codon added at its 5 S/G site and a TAG stop codon sequence added at the 3-proximal S/G site. The P, L and S proteins were expressedin planta to a maximum concentration of 0.01 % of total extractable proteins but did not assemble into virus-like particles. When challenged by mechanical inoculation with virus particles or viral RNA, and compared with control plants, tobacco plants (primary transgenic clones or S1 and S2, kanamycin-resistant seedlings) expressing the virus capsid subunits separately, or their precursor, decreased the accumulation of SLRSV particles in inoculated leaves and fewer plants became invaded systemically. In experiments in which the roots of seedlings were exposed to SLRSV-carrying vector nematodes (Xiphinema diversicaudatum), SLRSV was detected in the roots of non-transformed control tobacco plants (6/20) and in transgenic tobacco expressing the L protein (7/40), but not in any of 25 tobacco plants expressing the S protein or in 35 expressing the P protein. This is the second example of CP-mediated resistance to virus inoculation by nematode vectors.