气相色谱法测定水产品中三氯杀螨醇残留量

为拓展食品中农药残留监控范围,本文建立了水产品中三氯杀螨醇的气相色谱测定方法。试验基质为鳗鲡、罗非鱼、对虾、玻纹巴菲蛤,取其可食用组织的均匀试样1g,用正己烷超声萃取,用浓硫酸和弗罗里硅土净化,二氯甲烷／正己烷混合液淋洗层析柱。洗脱液收集和旋转蒸发浓缩后,用气相色谱法测定其中的三氯杀螨醇,外标法定量。测定仪器为HP6890N型气相色谱仪,配HP7683B型自动进样器、HP-5型毛细管气相色谱柱（30m×0．32mm×0．25μm）和。Ni微电子捕获检测器。三氯杀螨醇浓度线性范围是0．0025-0．4μg·mL-1（r=0．9998,P〈0．001）,方法定量检测下限为0．01μg·g-1。用未检出三氯杀螨醇的鳗鲡等4种试样,添加3个水平的三氯杀螨醇,分别为0．01、0．10、O．50μg·g-1,每种试样每个添加量测定6份。结果显示,加标回收率在71％-111％范围内,批内变异系数为3．2％～8．5％（n=6）,批间变异系数为2．5％～7．1％（n=4）。定量限点加标试样的回收率为73％～94％,批内变异系数为5．9％-7．7％,峰高信噪比〉10。本方法试样用量少,前处理简便,可操作性强,适合测定水产品可食部分的三氯杀螨醇残留量。     

玉米辐射诱变后代M4选系配合力效应分析

以经60Coγ射线处理选育得到的M4代诱变系及其基础材料R08和48-2为被测系,与玉米骨干自交系不完全双列杂交,分析主要农艺经济性状的配合力效应。结果表明:基础材料经辐射诱变后各性状的配合力产生了不同程度的变化;R08的诱变系11和17与48-2的诱变系26和31,其产量性状一般配合力改良效果较好,是高产育种的良好材料,但株高和穗位高GCA偏大;48-2的诱变系23、25、28、29和30虽有利于缩短生育期、降低株高和穗位高,但产量性状GCA表现较差,有待进一步改良;诱变系24产量GCA表现一般,是缩短生育期、降低株高和穗位高的理想材料;其余诱变系各具特点,需在育种实践中有针对性地改良和利用。     

外源添加物降低镉胁迫下香菇体内镉含量及对酶活性的影响

香菇等可食用菇类比绿色植物体内更能逐步聚集浓度大的镉等重金属。子实体中的镉危及食用者的健康,因此减少菇类子实体中镉的含量,对人体健康意义重大。本研究检测了5种外源添加物水杨酸、沸石、石膏、壳聚糖及硫酸锌对镉胁迫下香菇体内镉含量的降低作用,并测定不同添加物对香菇羧甲基纤维素酶和漆酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,被测试的添加物中,硫酸锌对香菇808和868子实体中的镉含量著,石膏次之,表明硫酸锌是5种外源添加物中降低香菇体内镉浓度的最佳选择。此外,通过测定5种外源添加物在3 mg·kg-1镉胁迫下对香菇羧甲基纤维素酶和漆酶活性的影响,试验数据表明菌丝满袋期时,在添加硫酸锌或石膏时,香菇羧甲基纤维素酶和漆酶活性达到最高,说明培养料中添加硫酸锌或石膏在降低香菇体内镉含量的同时,也可以一定程度上增强生长代谢酶的活性。     

不同水平发酵豆粕对肉鸡肠黏膜结构的影响

将1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡240羽,随机分成4个处理,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型饲粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在饲粮中分别添加5%,10%,15%的发酵豆粕,试验共进行42d。试验结果:通过组织切片可看出,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的十二指肠绒毛长度和试验Ⅱ组的回肠绒毛长度与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组十二指肠隐窝深度和试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠隐窝深度与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠和试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组回肠肠壁厚度与对照组比较差异显著;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的十二指肠,试验Ⅱ组的空肠,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的回肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度(V/C)与对照组比较差异均显著(P<0.05)。     

粤东6种阔叶树木材密度及其影响因子研究

【目的】分析不同影响因子对木材密度的影响,为木材密度的良种选育和碳汇计量提供理论和数据支撑。【方法】在康禾自然保护区样地中,通过群落分析筛选出6个优势树种,测定其木材密度(包括生材密度和基本木材密度),通过多种统计软件分析不同树种、不同径阶和不同坡向对木材密度的影响,以及树木性状因子与木材密度的相关关系。【结果】木材密度在树种间的差异性极显著,生材密度、基本木材密度和含水率平均值最大的分别是米槠Castanopsis carlesii、红锥C.hystrix和米槠,其数值分别为1.10 g·cm~(-3)、0.53 g·cm~(-3)和122.84%。木材密度的径阶差异性分析结果显示,除了栲C.fargesii以外,其他树种的木材密度在径阶间变化并不显著。木材密度在坡向上的差异性分析结果表明,6个树种的木材密度在坡向间的差异均不显著。非参数相关分析结果表明,胸径、树高与生材密度的相关性强,而与基本木材密度的相关性弱。【结论】红锥含水率低,基本木材密度高,具备优质木材的条件。木材密度随着径阶的增加有上升的趋势,但在坡向上没有规律性变化。生材密度、基本木材密度与胸径、树高的关系并不一致,可能是因为生材密度受到含水率增加的影响。     

Distribution of light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon as related to land use and tillage practice

Mass distributions of different soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions are influenced by land use and management. Concentrations of C and N in light- and heavy fractions of bulk soils and aggregates in 0–20 cm were determined to evaluate the role of aggregation in SOC sequestration under conventional tillage (CT), no-till (NT), and forest treatments. Light- and heavy fractions of SOC were separated using 1.85 g mL⁻¹ sodium polytungstate solution. Soils under forest and NT preserved, respectively, 167% and 94% more light fraction than those under CT. The mass of light fraction decreased with an increase in soil depth, but significantly increased with an increase in aggregate size. C concentrations of light fraction in all aggregate classes were significantly higher under NT and forest than under CT. C concentrations in heavy fraction averaged 20, 10, and 8 g kg⁻¹ under forest, NT, and CT, respectively. Of the total SOC pool, heavy fraction C accounted for 76% in CT soils and 63% in forest and NT soils. These data suggest that there is a greater protection of SOC by aggregates in the light fraction of minimally disturbed soils than that of disturbed soil, and the SOC loss following conversion from forest to agriculture is attributed to reduction in C concentrations in both heavy and light fractions. In contrast, the SOC gain upon conversion from CT to NT is primarily attributed to an increase in C concentration in the light fraction.     

模拟SO2污染对广东8种常见果树的胁迫效应

研究了模拟SO2污染对黄皮(Clausena lansium)、荔枝(Litchi chinensis)、龙眼(Dimocarpus longan)、石榴(Psidium guajava)、芒果(Mangifera indical)、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、香蕉(Musa nana)、杨桃(Averrhoa carambola)等8种广东常见果树离体叶片的叶绿素含量、荧光参数、叶片总抗氧化能力以及亚硫酸根氧化酶(EC.1.8.3.1)活性的影响.结果表明,随着模拟SO2浓度的升高,8种果树叶绿素含量均有不同程度的降低且存在明显级差;高浓度SO2胁迫使荔枝、木瓜、石榴、杨桃的光系统Ⅱ受到严重破坏;随着模拟SO2浓度的升高,8种果树叶片的总抗氧化能力呈先升高后降低的趋势,其亚硫酸根氧化酶活性也有不同程度的增强.黄皮、龙眼、芒果和香蕉对SO2污染的抵抗能力要高于荔枝、木瓜、石榴和杨桃,在全球SO2污染日趋严重的背景下,选择抗性更高的果树品种具有更高的经济效益.     

基于“多宜性—稀缺性—多样性”的粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突识别

精准识别土地利用冲突是国土空间治理的重要前提。该研究引入一个基于土地利用多宜性、土地资源稀缺性和需求多样性的土地利用冲突识别新框架,系统评估粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突。结果表明：1）粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突以中等为主,占比高达43.67%;其次为高冲突（29.80%）,低冲突区域所占比例最小（26.53%）。2）粤港澳大湾区土地利用冲突呈现显著的城乡差异特征。高冲突区集中在城镇和城乡过渡地带,尤其是城镇化快速发展的惠州市、江门市以及肇庆市;中冲突地区广泛分布在乡镇生产生活区域;低冲突区分布在土地利用适宜性低的山地丘陵地区。3）土地利用高冲突区域耕地和生态用地适宜性高,并且土地资源稀缺性普遍较高;中冲突区主要由于土地资源稀缺性、人类需求多样性高导致。在国土空间利用及相关规划中,应充分考虑潜在的土地利用冲突,建立土地利用冲突预警机制,并纳入相关规划监督实施体系,为优化国土空间格局提供科学依据。     

Using iron metal rods to infer oxygen status in seasonally saturated soils

The oxygen status in soils is fundamental to a number of earth-science processes including biological, physical and chemical interactions. Since oxygen is time consuming and often difficult to measure in soils, this research explores the use of zero-valent iron rods as a means of estimating oxygen content in soils. Zero-valent iron rods (polished nails) were placed in three soil toposequences and the surface coatings formed by oxidation were compared to measured oxygen concentrations taken every three weeks for one year. When water was present in the soils, the oxygen was measured as dissolved oxygen and in drained conditions it was reported as percent. Coatings on iron metal rods inserted in the soil appear to correlate well with specific oxygen ranges. Rods in soils with O₂ concentrations below about 2 mg l^− 1 do not develop bright (7.5YR 4/4 to 5/8) oxide/oxyhydroxide coatings, but instead formed black (10YR 2/1–2) coatings. Rods in soils with O₂ concentrations between about 2% to 5% develop variegated bright (7.5YR 4/4 to 5/8) oxide/oxyhydroxide coatings indicating soil drainage and microsite differences in O₂ concentrations. Rods in soils with O₂ concentrations above about 5% with adequate moisture are almost completely coated with bright (7.5YR 4/4 to 5/8) iron oxide/oxyhydroxides. Mineralogy of oxide/oxyhydroxide coatings could not be established by XRD presumably due to the short-range order crystal structure of the metal oxide/oxyhydroxides. This method provides a simple and inexpensive means to qualitatively estimate the ranges of O₂ status in soils. This research may have implications in hydric soil determination, horticultural and agricultural applications, as well as, remediation techniques.