Temperature modulates liver lipid accumulation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed low dietary levels of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed five graded levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3), from 1.4 to 5.2% of total fatty acids (FA, 5–17 mg kg^?1 feed), and grew from ~160 g to ~3000 g, with the period from 1450 g onwards conducted both at 6 °C and at 12 °C. All fish appeared healthy, and there were no diet‐related differences in haematological or plasma parameters, as well as intestinal histological or gut microbiota analysis. Fish reared at 6 °C had higher accumulation of storage lipids in the liver compared to fish reared at 12 °C. Liver lipids also increased with decreasing dietary EPA + DHA at 6 °C, while there was no such relationship at 12 °C. Gene expression of SREBP1 and 2, LXR, FAS and CPT1 could not explain the differences in liver lipid accumulation. In liver polar lipids, DHA was found to be reduced when dietary EPA + DHA was <2.7% of FAs, while the level of EPA in the membranes was not affected. In conclusion, reducing dietary EPA + DHA from 5.2 to 1.4% of total FAs had a minor impact on fish health. Temperature was the factor that most affected the liver lipid accumulation, but there was also an interaction with dietary components.     

Pharmacokinetic profiles of the two major active metabolites of metamizole (dipyrone) in cats following three different routes of administration

This study was performed to determine pharmacokinetic profiles of the two active metabolites of the analgesic drug metamizole (dipyrone , MET), 4‐methylaminoantipyrine (MAA), and 4‐aminoantipyrine (AA), after intravenous (i.v., intramuscular (i.m.), and oral (p.o.) administration in cats. Six healthy mixed‐breed cats were administered MET (25 mg/kg) by i.v., i.m., or p.o. routes in a crossover design. Adverse clinical signs, namely salivation and vomiting, were detected in all groups (i.v. 67%, i.m. 34%, and p.o. 15%). The mean maximal plasma concentration of MAA for i.v., i.m., and p.o. administrations was 148.63 ± 106.64, 18.74 ± 4.97, and 20.59 ± 15.29 μg/ml, respectively, with about 7 hr of half‐life in all routes. Among the administration routes, the area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) value was the lowest after i.m. administration and the AUC_EV/i.v. ratio was higher in p.o. than the i.m. administration without statistical significance. The plasma concentration of AA was detectable up to 24 hr, and the mean plasma concentrations were smaller than MAA. The present results suggest that MET is converted into the active metabolites in cats as in humans. Further pharmacodynamics and safety studies should be performed before any clinical use.     

Direct observations of structural phase transitions in planar crystallized ion plasmas

Laser-cooled 9Be+ ions confined in two-dimensionally extended lattice planes were directly observed, and the images were used to characterize the structural phases of the ions. Five different stable crystalline phases were observed, and the energetically favored structure could be sensitively tuned by changing the areal density of the confined ions. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions for the planar (infinite in two dimensions) one-component plasma. Qualitatively similar structural phase transitions occur, or are predicted to occur, in other experimentally realizable planar systems.     

Nonemployment Income and the Economic Base of Michigan Counties: 1959–1986

ABSTRACT Despite the fact that nonemployment income makes up approximately one-third of all personal income, its impact on local area economies has not been closely examined. This study uses Michigan county data to examine the impact of nonemployment income on nonbasic income over a twenty-seven-year period. This impact is compared to the impact of basic income by employing regression analysis to estimate comparative multiplier effects for both types of income. Nonemployment income is found to have a significant impact on nonbasic income, particularly in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan urban counties, where its impact appears to be stronger than that of basic income.     

Isolation of very virulent Marek''s disease viruses from vaccinated chickens in Australia

Very virulent Marek's disease viruses (vvMDV), defined as isolates against which the herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccine provide poor protection, have been isolated from poultry flocks in both the United States and Europe. Twenty-one samples from vaccinated Australian flocks, experiencing problems with excessive Marek's disease (MD), were tested for the presence of transmissible MD viruses (MDV). Of the 16 samples which contained a transmissible agent, 14 were pathogenic in chickens, based on the development of MD lesions or depression of the bursa/body weight ratio. Of the pathogenic isolates which have been successfully typed 10 were serotype 1, and one was serotype 2 MDV. Pathogenicity of isolates varied. Several isolates caused tumours in 20-30% of both vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. Two isolates, MPF6 and MPF23, caused tumours in more than 50% of chickens. When MPF6 and MPF23 were tested in vaccine trials bivalent vaccine gave no better protection against development of MD lesions than a monovalent vaccine. Isolate MPF23 was so pathogenic that lesions were produced in all chickens, regardless of the vaccine protocol used. Therefore vvMDV have been isolated in Australia, and unlike the vaccines tested overseas, bivalent Australian vaccines do not appear to provide greater protection against these vvMDV.     

Incorporation of grass silage,whole cereal grains,cassava and cottonseed meal into diets of rabbits kept in a simulated tropical environment

Summary The growth and feed conversion of rabbits fed either grass silage or whole grains and supplementary pelleted concentrate of cassava/cottonseed diets were investigated. Poor quality grass silage (pH 4.9) was almost completely rejected by young rabbits initially fed either 17.8 g or 35.5 g DM/day of a supplementary concentrate. Rabbits on the lower level of concentrate provision lost 0.35 g liveweight per day. Rabbits initially weighing 1.77 kg fed complete pelleted diets containing 667 g/kg maize or 667 g/kg sorghum showed improved daily liveweight gains (22.6 g) over rabbits fed whole grains and pelleted supplements (19.4 g) in an experiment lasting 40 days. In a second experiment there were no significant effects of pelleting or type of cereal on liveweight gain or feed conversion ratio. Pelleting significantly improved crude protein digestibility of diets whilst maize diets were superior in DM, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities. The inclusion of cottonseed meal containing 700 mg/kg free gossypol in diets at levels of 150 and 300 g/kg did not affect growth rate or feed conversion in rabbits weighing 0.92 kg initially. These diets contained up to 364 g/kg cassava suggesting that this ingredient can be used in rabbit diets as an energy source in replacement for whole grains.

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Incorporacion De Ensilaje De Pasto, Granos Enteros De Cereales, Yuca Y Torta De Algodon En Dietas De Conejos Mantenidos En Ambientes Tropicales Simulados

Resumen Se investigó, el crecimiento y la conversión de alimentos de conejos alimentados con uno u otro de los siguientes productos: ensilaje de pasto, granos enteros de cereales, concentrado peletizado, o yuca/torta de algodón. El ensilaje de pasto de calidad baja (PH 4.9), fue rechazado casi totalmente por los conejos jovenes inicialmente, alimentados con 17.8 g. o 35.5 g. MS/día de un concentrado suplementario. Los conejos que estaban bajo una dieta más baja de concentrados, perdieron 0.35 g. de peso vivo por día. Los conejos que inicialmente pesaban 1.77 kg, los cuales fueron alimentados con dietas completamente peletizadas, que contenían 667 g/kg maíz o 667 g/de sorgo, ganaron 22.6 g. de peso vivo/día en comparación a conejos cuya alimentación consistió en gramos enteros y suplementos peletizados (19.4 g), en un experimento que duró 40 días. En un segundo experimento, no hubo efectos significativos del peletizado, o tipo de cereal, o ganancia de peso vivo, o tasa de conversión alimentaria. El peletizado en general, mejoró significativamente la digestibilidad de la proteína cruda de las dietas, mientras que las dietas de maíz fueron superiores en digestibilidad de la MS, materia orgánica y proteína cruda. La inclusión en dietas de torta de algodón con 700 mg/kg de gosipol libre, a niveles de 150 y 300 g/kg, no afectó la tasa de crecimiento o la conversión alimenticia en conejos que pesaron 0.92 kg inicialmente. Estas dietas contenían hasta 364 g/kg de yuca, sugiriendo que este ingrediente puede usarse en dietas para conejos, como fuente de energía y en reemplazo de granos enteros.

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Incorporation d'Ensilage d'Herbe, De Grains Entiers De Cereales, De Farines De Manioc Et De Graine De Coton Dans La Ration De Lapins Places Dans Un Environnement Tropical Simule

Résumé On a examiné la croissance et l'indice de consommation de lapins nourris soit d'ensilage d'herbe ou de grains complets et, en supplément d'un concentré en pellets ou de rations de manioc/graine de coton. L'ensilage d'herbe de pauvre qualité (pH 4,9) est presqu'entièrement rejeté par les jeunes lapins recevant initialement un supplément concentré à 17,8 g ou 35,5 g DM/jour. Les lapins soumis au plus faible niveau de concentré perdent 0,35 g de poids corporel par jour. Dans une expérience durant 40 jours, les lapins pesant initialement 1,77 kg recevant une ration entièrement en pellets contenant 667 g/kg de maïs ou 667 g/kg de sorgho accusent un gain de poids journalier (22,6 g) par rapport à des lapins recevant des grains entiers et un supplément en pellets (19,4 g). Dans une seconde expérience, ni la pelletisation, ni le type de céréale n'ont eu d'effet significatif sur le gain de poids journalier ou l'indice de consommation. La pelletisation améliore de manière significative la digestibilité de la protéïne brute des rations alors que les rations de maïs sont supérieures en DM, matière organique et digestibilité en protéïne brute. L'incorporation dans la ration de farine de graine de coton contenant 700 mg/kg de gossypol libre au taux de 150 et de 300 g/kg n'affecte pas la croissance ni l'indice de consommation chez des lapins pesant initialement 0,92 kg. Ces rations contiennet jusqu'à 364 g/kg de manioc, ce qui permet de suggérer l'utilisation de cet ingrédient dans la nourriture des lapins en tant que source d'énergie en remplacement des grains entiers.

     

Treatment of spontaneous malignant tumours in dogs with PTMC

The chemical analysis of the caffeine salt of a phosphomolybdic-tungstic acid compound (PTMC) is described. Twenty-seven dogs with advanced malignant tumours have been treated with PTMC by intramuscular or intravenous injection. Five dogs - one case of metastatic osteosarcoma, two cases of metastatic mammary carcinoma, one case of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma and one case of primary fibrosarcoma showed objective tumour regression for periods varying from four weeks to 20 months. Only two of the 27 dogs treated showed toxic effects.