生态营养与环境保护

随着畜牧业的迅猛发展，动物生产过程中对环境的污染问题越来越引起人们的关注。如何提高饲料的利用率，控制环境污染，也引起了动物营学家们的重视，并开展了“生态营养”、“环保饲料配方技术”等一系列研究，以期从根本上解决此类问题。本文就此方面对：①关于控制臭味与氮的污染；②改善和控制磷的污染；③控制未消化养分的污染（ＮＳＰｓ酶的利用）；④控制高铜日粮的污染；⑤环保饲料配方的研究和开发等问题进行了论述。希望在今后的生产实践中能充分运用先进的科学知识与技术，以达到饲料工业生产和畜牧业生产的高质量、高效率与高效益的目的。     

“七五”和“八五”时期湖南农村经济与产业发展的灰色关联分析

运用灰色系统理论，对“七五”、“八五”时期湖南农村经济与产业发展的灰色关联程度进行了研究，阐明了湖南农村经济与农业、非农业发展的关联性以及农村非农产业进步中各产业的作用。     

长白山国家级自然保护区垂直带土壤-植物系统中Pb的变异特征及其影响因素

本文研究了长白山国家级自然保护区垂直带土壤-植物系统中Pb元素含量的水平变异和垂直变异特征。结果表明,垂直带土壤Pb含量均在25mg/kg以上,且各土壤带Pb的平均含量与其变异程度相反,棕色针叶林土Pb平均含量最低但变异最大,而山地生草森林土Pb平均含量最高但变异最小;垂直带植物Pb含量均低于克拉克值,与垂直带土壤Pb含量高低基本相吻合,但其变异以高山苔原带变异最大,岳桦林带变异最小;植物Pb含量垂直分异显著高于土壤Pb含量,变异系数达89.76%;植物对Pb的富集能力依植物种类及器官不同而异;成土母质和母岩、土壤pH值、有机质及土壤质地是影响Pb在土壤-植物系统中分异的主要因素。     

河套灌区沟渠表层沉积物对磷的吸附

为了解北方干旱灌区沟渠沉积物在磷的迁移转化中的作用,该文以河套灌区解放闸灌域总干渠、黄济干渠、总排干和二排干为研究对象,分别在上、中、下3个位点采集上覆水和沉积物,测定水样溶解性磷和总磷含量,对沉积物磷的形态进行分析,选择部分沉积物进行吸附动力学试验和等温吸附试验。结果表明,总干渠、黄济干渠和总排干、二排干水体磷含量相近,沉积物各形态的磷含量一般为钙结合态磷＞残渣磷＞闭蓄态磷＞铝结合态磷＞弱结合态磷＞铁结合态磷,弱结合态磷、铁结合态磷和铝结合态磷高活性磷含量低且显著正相关。研究表明,沟渠对河套灌区磷输出有削减作用,且沟渠沉积物磷释放风险高,总排干、二排干沉积物较总干渠、黄济干渠沉积物磷吸附容量大。     

Developing phase of China＇s system of nature reserves in perspectiveDeveloping phase of China＇s system of nature reserves in perspectiveDeveloping phase of China＇s system of nature reserves in perspective

Up until 2009, 2541 nature reserves had been established in China. However, the process of developing this system of nature reserves was not quite smooth. Various kinds of information related to nature reserves, such as annual growth, the type of nature reserves established, motives behind building a nature reserve, legal instructions and the constitution of government sectors, were collected and analyzed in order to highlight the characteristics of the devel- apment of our nature reserve system. As a result, we identify three phases and their characteristics, i.e., the initial phase from 1956 to 1978, the establishment phase from 1979 to 1996 and the management standardization phase from 1997 to 2009, could be clearly identified. It is suggested that since the establishment of this comprehensive structural frame- work in China, the system should be entering a new developing phase. We recommend that more attentions should be paid on how to guarantee effective management and how nature reserves are able to maintain their value and fulfill their abjectives in the future.     

Effect of donor cell type on nuclear remodelling in rabbit somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos

Cloned rabbits have been produced for many years by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The efficiency of cloning by SCNT, however, has remained extremely low. Most cloned embryos degenerate in utero, and the few that develop to term show a high incidence of post-natal death and abnormalities. The cell type used for donor nuclei is an important factor in nuclear transfer (NT). As reported previously, NT embryos reconstructed with fresh cumulus cells (CC-embryos) have better developmental potential than those reconstructed with foetal fibroblasts (FF-embryos) in vivo and in vitro. The reason for this disparity in developmental capacity is still unknown. In this study, we compared active demethylation levels and morphological changes between the nuclei of CC-embryos and FF-embryos shortly after activation. Anti-5-methylcytosine immunofluorescence of in vivo-fertilized and cloned rabbit embryos revealed that there was no detectable active demethylation in rabbit zygotes or NT-embryos derived from either fibroblasts or CC. In the process of nuclear remodelling, however, the proportion of nuclei with abnormal appearance in FF-embryos was significantly higher than that in CC-embryos during the first cell cycle. Our study demonstrates that the nuclear remodelling abnormality of cloned rabbit embryos may be one important factor for the disparity in developmental success between CC-embryos and FF-embryos.     

酶法降解黑木耳多糖工艺研究

采用酶法对黑木耳多糖进行降解试验研究。用β-葡萄糖苷酶以温度、pH值、酶用量、反应时间为影响因素,响应面法优化设计,DNS法测定其还原糖释放量。研究结果表明:最佳工艺为当每3mL多糖加入0.02%葡萄糖苷酶0.4mL时多糖浓度为0.3%、温度55℃、pH值5.5、反应时间20min。响应面优化后得出最佳工艺条件为:降解温度55.9℃、pH值5.58、酶用量0.475mL。     

基于层次分析法的县域可持续发展能力研究——以湖南省宁乡县为例

以湖南省宁乡县为例,采用层次分析法对县域可持续发展能力进行了研究。结果表明:宁乡县2009年可持续发展度为0.421 8,达到可持续发展的初级阶段。《宁乡县生态县建设规划(2010年～2020年)》实施以后,宁乡县的可持续发展度在2013、2015、2020年将分别达到0.652 2、0.750 1、0.911 1,将由可持续发展的初级阶段,逐步过渡到可持续发展的成熟阶段,最后达到可持续发展的完善阶段,促进整个经济社会和谐发展。     

公益类科研机构科技人员薪酬管理改革探讨

薪酬管理是人力资源管理的一个重要环节,也是公益类科研机构科技人员激励的关键。文章分析了当前我国公益类科研机构科技人员薪酬管理存在的薪酬体系不够完整、薪酬水平的吸引力不够、薪酬增长比较困难、激励方式比较单一、内部管理不够规范等问题,提出了建立规范化的分配机制、推行多样化的工资制度、健全多元化的福利制度、完善社会化的保险制度和构建人文化的工作待遇等对策,以更好地吸引、保留所需要的人才,充分调动科技人员的积极性、主动性与创造性。     

广州一号桉树高效组培再生体系的建立

以广州一号桉树优良无性系无菌苗茎段为外植体,通过对噻唑基脲类新型分裂素(N-phenyl-N’-[6-(2-chlorobenzothiazol)-yl]urea,PBU)等多种不同质量浓度植物生长调节剂组合的优化,进行愈伤组织诱导及再生研究。结果表明,在添加了2 mg.L-1PBU和0.06 mg.L-1IAA的改良MS培养基上,茎段外植体5 d后愈伤组织诱导率达100%;将愈伤组织接种在添加1 mg.L-16-BA和0.1 mg.L-1NAA的MS培养基上,诱芽率高达90%;随后,在添加了0.2 mg.L-1PBU与0.05 mg.L-1NAA的1/2MS培养基上诱导芽伸长,用1/2MS培养基附加0.2 mg.L-1IBA诱导生根,炼苗15 d后,以质量m(黄心土)∶m(腐殖质土)=1∶1为基质进行移栽,得到完整再生植株,成活率高达95%。