中国泰和乌骨鸡MHC与其繁殖性能相关的研究

实验采用四种限制性内切酶（ＨｈａＩ、ＥｃｏＲＶ、ＨａｅⅢ、Ｘｂａｉ）,运用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰＳ的方法,研究了泰和乌骨鸡ＭＨＣ分子遗传多态笥,探讨了各基因型与繁殖性能的相关关系,结果表明：四种酶切区别的Ｂ－ＬＩＩＢβ１外元的多态笥及ＭＨＣ基因组合型对蛋重及受精蛋孵化率影响差异均不显著。ＥｃｏＲＶ及ＸｂａＩ酶切多态性对产蛋数的多态性及ＭＨＣ基因组合型对蛋重及受精蛋孵化率影响差异均不显著。ＥｃｏＲＶ及Ｘｂ     

苯甲酸在松材线虫病中的作用

在室内条件下,初步研究苯甲酸对松树和松材线虫病的作用.用不同浓度的苯甲酸溶液分别处理松枝,显示低浓度苯甲酸溶液能显著延长松枝的存活期,高浓度苯甲酸溶液处理的松枝针叶出现褐变现象,但对松枝的存活期没有影响,其症状与松材线虫病不同.分别用1.0 mmol·L-1的苯甲酸溶液和自来水培养接种松材线虫的松枝,在用苯甲酸溶液处理的接种松枝中,虽然松材线虫仍能大量增殖,但与用自来水培养的接种松枝相比,其蒸腾强度显著增强,失水萎蔫程度显著降低,存活期显著延长,这说明苯甲酸在松材线虫病树中可能起着抑制与病害相关的致病菌或提高松树抗病能力的作用.     

Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in alpine ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau transect, China

The undisturbed regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway crossing the natural zones of montane desert, alpine meadow-steppe, and montane shrub-coniferous forest were chosen as the study areas. Soil samples were collected at 23 sites and the relations between the influencing factors and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) content were studied. The results indicated that the order of SOC content for the whole soil profile with different vegetations and in the horizontal direction was shown as below: forest>shrub>meadow>steppe>desert. All the SOC contents of the top 10 cm soil layers of forest, shrub and meadow vegetations, as well as that of the top 20 cm soil layers in steppe, in the vertical direction, were higher than those of corresponding lower soil layers. However, the SOC content in the desert soil was in accordance. The grey correlative analysis between the climatic factors and SOC content in the top soil show that precipitation was the dominant climatic factor affecting the distribution of SOC in the Tibetan Plateau transect. The influence of precipitation on the horizontal distribution of SOC decreased with the increase of precipitation in the horizontal direction. The vertical distribution of SOC along the soil profile was greatly affected by precipitation or the soil clay content in top soil layers, and was clearly influenced by soil silt content or sand content in lower soil layers, as well. The influences of both soil bulk density and soil pH on the vertical distribution of SOC along the soil profile gradually declined. The plant biomass was the most important biotic factors affecting the distribution of the SOC. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture & Life Sciences), 2007, 33(4): 443–449 [译自: 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)]     

土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

三峡环库多业共生耦合循环农业生态系统初构

三峡蓄水后,水流减缓,自净力减弱,主要支流绿藻虐生;库区新生消落区出露成陆时正直多雨炎热潮湿的夏季,基本丧失拦截、消纳和过滤农业面源污染的功能,加重了长江污染。该文在研究库区优势特色农业发展和生态环境建设的基础上,将库区水域、消落区和生态屏障区作为整体,运用循环经济理论,研究建立库岸柑橘、消落区湿地牧场、水域天然渔场3条环库绿色经济带,集成4链交叉的多链循环经济组网模式,创立5层阻隔拦截和吸收消纳面源污染的工艺技术,围绕库区各主要农业产业发展,把前端废弃物作为内生要素进入后端生产活动中,在注重环境保护的形势下,凝练出多业共生耦合农业循环经济模式和"345"推进方法。创建的巫山大昌湖特色循环农业生态示范园区,实现了三峡库区柑橘、生猪、草食牲畜、长江鱼4大特色产业共生、要素耦合、整体循环、综合利用的产业生态链,推动了三峡库区生态文明建设,满足了库区特色农业发展、农移民增收和国家战略水资源库保护需求,可为大型水库区生态农业发展和水资源环境保护提供参考。     

不同防治对策对柑桔糠片蚧种群的影响

1984—1987年在湖南桔园进行了综防对策、化防对策和自控(不采取任何人为的防治措施)等处理对柑桔主要害虫——糠片蚧种群影响的比较研究。综防区采用综合措施,刷洗主干,释放部分天敌,剪去蚧虫为害严重的枝条,冬季和夏季分别施用一次松脂合剂和矿油乳剂;化防区按常规每年喷药5—6次;结果表明:综防区全年虫口密度与化防区相近,两者均显著低于自控区;综防区糠片蚧蚜小蜂等寄生性天敌未受到明显的损害,捕食性蓟马、钝绥螨等捕食性天敌明显多于自控区;其它非生物致死因子对幼蚧的作用大于化防区,果实出口率自1986年起亦较化防区显著上升。自控区糠片蚧未得到控制,果实出口率较化防区降低13.3%—29.8%。化防区各种天敌的作用均显著下降,农药残留亦高。除自控区和化防区柑桔全爪螨为害较重外,其它害虫在各区的为害均处于较低的水平。文章还评价了在三种处理区致死因子对糠片蚧种群趋势指数的作用。     

Coherent spin transfer between molecularly bridged quantum dots

Femtosecond time-resolved Faraday rotation spectroscopy reveals the instantaneous transfer of spin coherence through conjugated molecular bridges spanning quantum dots of different size over a broad range of temperature. The room-temperature spin-transfer efficiency is approximately 20%, showing that conjugated molecules can be used not only as interconnections for the hierarchical assembly of functional networks but also as efficient spin channels. The results suggest that this class of structures may be useful as two-spin quantum devices operating at ambient temperatures and may offer promising opportunities for future versatile molecule-based spintronic technologies.     

氮肥形态对烤烟生长发育及品质的影响

1988年和1990年采用土培试验的结果表明,铵态氮或酰胺态氮肥施入后,经20d左右可大部分转化为硝态氮。因此,在硝酸钠、硝酸铵、硫酸铵和尿素4个处理中,仅硝酸钠处理烟叶含氮量和烟株长势在生长前期显著低于或略低于尿素和硫酸铵处理,中后期各处理烟株生物性状,烟叶品质或烟叶产量则均无明显的差异。由此说明,在湖南省气候条件下,不同形态氮肥对烤烟的生长发育,产量及品质没有明显的影响。     

不同生态区藏山羊的产绒性能研究

选择青藏高原四个不同的生态区,对藏山羊的产绒性能进行了研究,结果表明：西藏两个产区藏山羊的产绒量和绒的主要品质指标均高于四川两个产区,尤其是西藏阿里地区藏山羊的产绒量和绒的品质明显优于其他产区,四川茂县藏山羊的产绒量和绒的品质较差;同时,西藏两产区藏山羊的产绒量从年龄上看以４岁较高,从毛色上看以白色个体较高;四个不同生态区内藏山羊的产绒性能差异较大,越严酷的高寒生态条件,其产绒量越高,绒的品质越好。今后应根据不同的生态区按不同的生产方向对藏山羊这一宝贵的基因库资源进行开发利用。