Behavior Observation During Conformation Evaluation at a Field Test for Danish Warmblood Horses and Associations with Rideability and Performance Traits

Reactivity in horses, defined as a state of high arousal, has an impact on the daily handling and welfare of horses and can have an impact on the risk of causing human injuries. Behavior tests have been developed to assess reactivity, but these tests are difficult to apply in practice. The objectives of this study were to investigate how reactivity measured in a practical situation associates with rideability and performance and to explore the association between the measured reactivity and reactivity assessed by the horse's owner. A total of 234 Danish Warmblood females, 3 years of age, were videotaped and scored for reactivity during the evaluation of their conformation, and a questionnaire was completed by the owners. Associations between reactivity and performance traits were investigated by computing partial correlations (Pearson, r_p). A low negative correlation was found between rideability and reactivity (r_p = −0.16, P = .02) and between reactivity and free jumping (r_p = −0.14, P = .03). These results suggest that highly reactive horses received lower grades in rideability and free jumping. However, no association with performance traits in dressage was found. Likewise, low but significant association was found between reactivity and ratings from owners (r_p = 0.15, P = .02), indicating that horses considered to be nervous by their owners also were scored as reactive. In conclusion, it appears possible to measure reactivity in a practical situation. This study also concluded low negative associations between reactivity and the two performance traits rideability and free jumping.     

The effect of slaughtering procedures on blood spotting in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were submitted for various slaughter and bleeding procedures to see what effect this would have on blood drainage of the muscles. Results show that the bleeding method is of less importance, while it is the timing that is important. No significant difference in bloodspotting was observed between fish that were bled live by a gill cut or percussive killed and bled by gutting. Most of the drainage of blood in the fish muscle seems to occur within the first hours postmortem, so rigor mortis is of little importance. The visual appearance of the fillet was influenced by number and size of the bloodstains. Colour measurements with Hunter L*, a*, b* did not reveal this. We conclude that a gill cut is not necessarily to obtain bleeding, so the industry can omit this phase and go directly to gutting.     

Treatment of the early life stages of scallop (Pecten maximus) with antimicrobial agents; searching for an alternative to chloramphenicol

High mortality rates are often observed in rearing the early stages of the great scallop, Pecten maximus. The addition of antibacterial agents has been necessary to improve larval survival. However, as one antibacterial agent, chloramphenicol, is banned in Norway and Europe the aim of this study is to investigate alternative antibacterial agents. The therapeutic agents investigated in this study were florfenicol, oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, neomycin and Pyceze. The mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid and Pyceze against bacteria isolated from scallop larvae. Two types of treatment regime were investigated on an intermediate scale (20 L). One regime involved continuous exposure of scallop larvae to the therapeutic agent while the other involved a short exposure lasting two hours. All intermediate scale treatments were performed in parallel to large-scale production (800 L) treatment with chloramphenicol. Of the therapeutants investigated, oxolinic acid was the most effective, although only at high concentrations. The short exposure of two hours was ineffective for all therapeutics.     

The efficacy of a single intraperitoneal injection of either flumequine or oxytetracycline hydrochloride in prevention of outbreaks of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris L., following stress.

In this investigation, the efficacy of a single intraperitonealinjection of either flumequine or oxytetracycline hydrochloride to preventoutbreak of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection ingoldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris, following stresswas studied. Six groups of goldsinny wrasse, each of 50 individuals, weretreated with an intraperitoneal injection of either propylene glycol : saline(50 : 50), 200 mg kg^–1 of oxytetracycline or 50mg kg^–1 of flumequine dissolved in propyleneglycol : saline (50 : 50). Three days following medication the fish in allgroups were stressed by an intraperitoneal injection of prednisolone acetate(0.05 ml) and a rise in seawater temperature from 9 to 11°C. Mortality was observed daily for 21 days. Flumequine wasthe more effective with a mean cumulative mortality of 5% compared tooxytetracycline with 54%. The mean cumulative mortality in the unmedicatedcontrol groups was 84%. Bacterial examination of kidneys from dead fishconfirmed the presence of atypical A. salmonicida as theprobable cause of death. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values forflumequine and oxytetracycline against the isolated A.salmonicida were determined to 0.13 gml^–1, and 2.0 g ml^–1,respectively.     

珍味贝丝的研制报告

本试验利用扇贝加工时大量废弃的裙边,制作调味焙烤品珍味贝丝,经1％冰醋酸软化处理15s,150℃焙烤6min,较好地解决了艮韧问题,并对工艺路线和主要工艺参数进行了选择。制品档次较高,保质期达6个月以上。     

Manipulations of Shrimp Embryos: A Viable Technique for the Removal of the Hatching Envelope

The hatching envelope elevated around the spawned eggs of penaeoidean eggs presents a formidable barrier for manipulation of the embryo. By spawning eggs into seawater containing 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and subsequently passing the eggs through Nitex screening approximately 45 min after spawning, the hatching envelope can be effectively removed with little or no damage to the embryos. The time and extent to which the envelope is removed can be varied. Embryos treated in this manner continue to develop and the method provides a new technique with which investigators can gain access to the surface of the egg or embryo.     

Accumulation of aluminum on atlantic salmon eggs during the incubation period

Groups of rainbow trout Onchorhyncus mykiss eggs were incubated in duplicate trays with PVC screens and the original aluminum screens. During the incubation period, aluminum bound to sediments was deposited on the eggs and in the whole hatching system.

The pH of the inlet water to the hatching system with PVC screen was experimentally lowered by adding sulphuric acid. Buffering of the outlet water was observed at pH lower than 5, and at pH 4·5 and lower, an increased aluminum concentration in the outlet water was recorded.

These experiments show that aluminum accumulated on eggs and in the hatching system during periods with neutral water represents a serious threat to the survival of eggs and fry of salmonids if pH drops below 5·0, even for a few hours. In sensitive lakes and rivers, pH drops below 5·0 are common during heavy rain or during the snow melting period.