Ammonia production from uric acid and its absorption from the caecum of the cockerel

1. Experiments were done in vitro and in situ in the caeca to measure ammonia production from uric acid and its absorption. 2. When uric acid was introduced into a caecal sac containing mixed caecal micro-organisms 0.77 disappeared in 1 h, with the concomitant appearance of ammonia. 3. Amounts of ammonia produced from added [15N] uric acid in the caeca in situ after 30 min and in caecal medium in vitro after 10 h, were 0.28 and 0.25 respectively of the added 15N. 4. About 0.92 of the ammonia introduced into a caecal sac disappeared from the lumen fluid in 30 min. 5. It is concluded that ammonia is produced from uric acid by caecal micro-organisms and rapidly absorbed.     

包膜尿素氮素溶出对油菜生长及产量的影响

通过肥料埋藏试验及盆栽试验方法,研究了LP30日型和LP70日型包膜尿素氮素溶出对油菜生长及产量的影响。研究表明:一级反应动力学模型可很好地描述LP30日型和LP70日型包膜尿素氮素的溶出过程,其溶出速率常数分别为0.0132和0.0067。硫酸铵处理的油菜株高、株重及产量均随氮素用量的增加呈指数型增加趋势,而LP30日型和LP70日型包膜尿素处理的油菜株高、株重及产量则均随氮素用量的增加呈直线型增加趋势。与硫酸铵处理相比,LP30日型和LP70日型包膜尿素处理,在施氮量为N 0.1 g kg-1和N 0.2 g kg-1条件下,均可使油菜株高、株重及产量显著下降(P<0.01),且以LP70日型包膜尿素下降最为明显;在施氮量为N 0.4 g kg-1条件下,LP30日型包膜尿素可使油菜株高、株重及产量显著提高(P<0.01),而LP70日型包膜尿素则使油菜株高、株重及产量提高不明显,但这两种包膜尿素均可明显提高肥料溶出氮素的利用率。     

A microfluidic device for conducting gas-liquid-solid hydrogenation reactions

We have developed an efficient system for triphase reactions using a microchannel reactor. Using this system, we conducted hydrogenation reactions that proceeded smoothly to afford the desired products quantitatively within 2 minutes for a variety of substrates. The system could also be applied to deprotection reactions. We could achieve an effective interaction between hydrogen, substrates, and a palladium catalyst using extremely large interfacial areas and the short path required for molecular diffusion in the very narrow channel space. This concept could be extended to other multiphase reactions that use gas-phase reagents such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.     

脂肪酸添加剂抑制奶牛对环境污染的效果分析

将21头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组,每组3头,对照组饲喂TMR,试验Ⅰ~Ⅵ组饲喂TMR加50.0g、100.0g、150.0g、200.0g、250.0g、300.0g/头/d复合脂肪酸日粮。主要探讨复合脂肪酸对奶牛粪尿、N、P的排泄量和CH4释放量的影响。结果表明,TMR加150.0g/头/日~300.0g/头/d复合脂肪酸,比对照组CH4释放量减少11.40%~18.38%(P<0.01),粪尿和N及总P的排泄量分别降低1.38%~5.32%(P>0.05),11.84%~26.68%(P<0.01)和2.32%~4.86%(P>0.05),乳脂率提高10.76%~14.17%(P<0.05),有效抑制奶牛对周围土壤水源和空气的污染,显著提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益。     

Influence of storage temperatures and killing procedures on post-mortem changes in the muscle of horse mackerel caught near Nagasaki Prefecture,Japan

ABSTRACT:   The effect of storage temperature (0, 5, 10, and 15°C) and killing procedure (instant, struggled, temperature shocked, and spinal cord destruction killing) on post-mortem changes in the muscle of the horse mackerel caught near Nagasaki, Japan, was investigated. Temporal changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inosine monophosphate (IMP), and lactic acid concentrations were slowest at 10°C storage temperature. The increase in K -values was slower at 10°C and below than at 15°C storage temperature. In addition, 10°C storage temperature was most suitable for maintaining a constant breaking strength value of the muscle. Regarding the effect of killing procedure, temporal changes in ATP, IMP, and lactic acid concentrations were slowest when killed by spinal cord destruction. The increase in K -value and the decrease in breaking strength were also slowest in the spinal cord destruction group. From these results, it was considered that storage at 10°C temperature and spinal cord destruction killing procedure were most effective in delaying post-mortem change in the horse mackerel.     

A genetic linkage map of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

We report the first genetic linkage map of the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) constructed with 111 microsatellite markers and 352 AFLP fragments. The parental male linkage map consisted of 25 linkage groups while the female map consisted of 27 groups, with an average resolution of 8 and 6.6 cM, respectively. We have identified linkage among 96% of the markers and the total map length was estimated to be around 1000–1200 cM. This study reports the first low-density linkage map for the Japanese flounder and describes differences in sex recombination. Recombination rates were higher in male flounder compared to the female (7.4:1), a rare condition among vertebrates. This map is a starting point for the mapping of single loci and quantitative traits in flatfish species.     

Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) spatfall prediction at Hiroshima,Japan, 1977

The spatfall prediction techniques used in Hiroshima Bay, Japan, are described. Data are given for the 1977 season. Plankton hauls from seven stations showed successive high peaks of small, medium and large larvae during early August. Small larvae (< 150 μm diameter) peaked at an average of 1,782 larvae per tonne of sea water (m³) on 10 August; medium larvae (151–250 μm) at 1,258/m³ peaked on 12 August as did large settling larvae (251–300 μm) at 350/m³. A small spatfall occurred on 14, 16 and 18 August when an average of 65, 64 and 65 spat per shell, respectively, attached on collectors during 2 days' immersion.A second, much bigger peak of small larvae built up from 16 August to reach an average maximum of 4,702 larvae/m³ on 24 August. Medium larvae peaked at 754 larvae/m³ on 28 August. A red tide then appeared consisting of vast numbers of a dinoflagellate tentatively identified as Gymnodinium simplex, and the anticipated main spatfall did not occur. The effects of red tides are discussed. By 17 September water conditions had improved and an estimated 50–100 spat were reported attached per shell on the collectors. This is about half the 200 spat per shell considered by the industry to be a good set.     

Pleiotropic effects of the elongated glume gene P1 on grain and spikelet shape-related traits in tetraploid wheat

Wheat grain size and shape are associated not only with yield but also with product and milling quality. A subspecies of cultivated tetraploid wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. polonicum, is characterized by elongated glumes. To elucidate morphological effects of the subspecies differentiation-related gene, we conducted QTL analysis for grain and spikelet shape using a mapping population between two tetraploid wheat subspecies, polonicum and durum. P1, the gene controlling the elongated glumes, was located on chromosome 7A, and the polonicum-type allele acted in an incomplete dominance manner to express the elongated glume phenotype. The polonicum allele of the P1 locus significantly affected not only glume length but also grain shape, spike shape, awn length and seed fertility in tetraploid wheat. The elongated glume phenotype was correlated with an increase in spike length, grain length and grain weight, and with a decrease in fertility, grain number and awn length. Thus, the subspecies differentiation-related gene in subspecies polonicum dramatically affects grain shape accompanied by alteration of spikelet shape in tetraploid wheat.     

Pathology of sporotrichosis in 10 cats in Rio de Janeiro

Ten cats with sporotrichosis were examined clinically and pathologically. They were in very poor general condition, and had widespread ulcerated cutaneous lesions and respiratory signs. Gross internal abnormalities were found only in the lungs and lymph nodes. Histologically, an inflammatory infiltrate and yeast-like structures were observed in the skin, lungs, liver and lymph nodes. The spleen was congested and contained fungal elements. No microscopical changes were observed in the pancreas, kidneys and heart. Sporothix schenckii was isolated from all the skin samples and nasal swabs obtained in vivo, and from all the samples of lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, heart and kidney taken postmortem.     

Attempts to separate female Ascaris suum antigen and to investigate its partial characterization

The location and separation of Ascaris suum antigen for serological testing was investigated. The antigenic constituent was rich in the ovary of the adult worm and was obtained by dialysis with 50% ammonium sulphate saturated solution. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that the heat labile antigenic preparation showed one major and seven faint bands. The major band seemed also to be a glycoprotein. The sera from pigs with/without hepatic milk spot showed relatively high precipitation titres, while, those from the specific pathogen free pigs manifested low titres.