不同前处理方法对秸秆金属元素原子吸收光谱分析结果的影响

秸秆中金属元素是关系农作物秸秆科学利用的重要组成部分,目前还没有统一的秸秆中金属元素原子吸收光谱(atomic absorption spectroscopy,AAS)测定方法标准,该研究采用原子吸收光谱测定黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和棉花秸秆中金属元素含量,比较了不同前处理方法对样品中K、Cu、Fe、Zn和Mg分析结果的影响。结果表明:微波消解、干法灰化和湿法消解测定黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质中金属元素含量差异性显著(P<0.05),微波消解比干法灰化、湿法消解准确度高。微波消解对玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和棉花秸秆中各金属元素的影响与黄芪(GBW10028)标准物质趋于一致。微波HNO3与微波HNO3-H2O2测定结果差异性不显著(P>0.05),微波HNO3比微波HNO3-H2O2和微波HNO3-H2SO4测定结果稳定。微波HNO3是进行秸秆样品金属元素含量测定时较准确简便的前处理方法。     

Analysis of bisphenol A and alkylphenols in cereals by automated on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

An on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) following a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and octylphenol (OP) in cereals (including rice, maize, and wheat). The target compounds were extracted by acetonitrile, purified by an automated on-line SPE cartridge, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS under the negative-ion mode. Mean recoveries fortified at three concentration levels ranged from 81.6 to 115.7%, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 4.6 to 19.9% (n = 6). The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the method were 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 μg/kg for BPA, NP, and OP, respectively, in both rice and maize, while the LOQs in wheat were 0.5, 1.25, and 0.5 μg/kg for BPA, NP, and OP, respectively. This method was applied in the analysis of rice, maize, and wheat from a local market. As a result, NP occurred in all cereal samples at the concentration range of 9.4-1683.6 μg/kg and BPA was detected in a few samples.     

Quantifying soil macropore networks in different forest communities using industrial computed tomography in a mountainous area of North China

Purpose

Macropores have important effects on the movement of soil water, air, and chemical substances. However, the quantitative relationship between complex 3D soil macropore networks and forest communities remains unclear in the northern mountainous area in China. The objectives of this study were to (1) use industrial computed tomography (CT) scanning and image analysis to quantitatively analyze macropore networks in intact soil columns and (2) identify characteristics of soil macropore networks in different forest communities.

Materials and methods

Intact soil columns (100-mm diameter, 300 mm long) were taken from six local forest communities with three replicates for a total of 18 samples. Industrial X-ray CT was used to scan soil samples; then, the scanned images were used to obtain the 3D images of rock fragments and macropore structures. Next, the macropore structure was quantified, including volume, diameter, surface area, length, angle, tortuosity, and number of macropores. This technique provided an accurate method to quantify the structure of macropores.

Results and discussion

The analysis and results revealed that different forest communities influence soil macropore 3D structure significantly and in different ways. Macropores in mixed Pinus tabulaeformis, Castanea mollissima, and Ulmus pumila forest had the largest diameter, surface area, network density, and length density of macropores as well as the smallest mean tortuosity of soil macropores. This is caused by the fact that mixed forest soils had more complex root systems, better soil structure, and more biotic activity. Within the soils of a single forest community, macropore porosity, network density, surface area density, and length of macropores decreased with increased soil depth, because more roots and more biological activity were present in the surface soil.

Conclusions

Advanced industrial CT technology can allow an accurate quantification of soil macropore structure. This is important because this type of structure has significant effects on soil water, air, and chemical transport. The results suggest that mixed forest is the best afforestation model in the northern mountainous area in China because of its ability to improve soil structure.

     

基于DEM的辽宁省猴石森林公园的视域分析

利用GIS视域分析功能,基于地形特征,对辽宁省猴石国家森林公园内可达景点、不可达景点和游道的视域特征进行分析,其中,游道的视域特征以游道上间隔50m的75个样点来表征.结果表明:公园内可达景点分布较为合理,一类位于游道两侧山坡上,视野开阔,90%景点的视域面积达100hm2以上;另一类分布在近游道两侧,视域面积40～70hm2.不可达景点可视性良好,75%的景点视域面积达100hm2以上,观赏价值充分体现;游道分布较为合理,全程可观赏到公园总面积的41.71%,游道内的平均视域面积为(61.%±23.52)hm2.视域内地形呈一定程度起伏,平均高差350m,兼具一览无余的豁达之美与峰回路转的曼妙之美.研究以游览者的景观视觉特征分析为目的,探讨森林公园景点和游道规划的定量依据,是对目前旅游区景观视觉特征评价的重要补充,是旅游区总体规划和综合管理的重要依据之一.     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

海洋重金属污染的研究进展

随着社会文明的发展,海洋污染已成为全球关注的问题.由于沿海城市的发展与工业化进程,工农业和生活污水的不断排入,造成近岸海域严重污染,导致了近岸海域的环境质量下降[1-2].     

Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil organic carbon in alpine ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau transect, China

The undisturbed regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway crossing the natural zones of montane desert, alpine meadow-steppe, and montane shrub-coniferous forest were chosen as the study areas. Soil samples were collected at 23 sites and the relations between the influencing factors and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) content were studied. The results indicated that the order of SOC content for the whole soil profile with different vegetations and in the horizontal direction was shown as below: forest>shrub>meadow>steppe>desert. All the SOC contents of the top 10 cm soil layers of forest, shrub and meadow vegetations, as well as that of the top 20 cm soil layers in steppe, in the vertical direction, were higher than those of corresponding lower soil layers. However, the SOC content in the desert soil was in accordance. The grey correlative analysis between the climatic factors and SOC content in the top soil show that precipitation was the dominant climatic factor affecting the distribution of SOC in the Tibetan Plateau transect. The influence of precipitation on the horizontal distribution of SOC decreased with the increase of precipitation in the horizontal direction. The vertical distribution of SOC along the soil profile was greatly affected by precipitation or the soil clay content in top soil layers, and was clearly influenced by soil silt content or sand content in lower soil layers, as well. The influences of both soil bulk density and soil pH on the vertical distribution of SOC along the soil profile gradually declined. The plant biomass was the most important biotic factors affecting the distribution of the SOC. __________ Translated from Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture & Life Sciences), 2007, 33(4): 443–449 [译自: 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)]     

大青山天然白桦林健康评价研究

通过对大青山天然白桦林的实地调查研究,从森林生态系统的结构和功能的角度出发,选用复合结构功能指标评价方法,在生态系统健康理论基础上,以生产力（P）、组织结构（O）和干扰（I）为综合评价指标,对大青山地区天然林森林生态系统的健康状况进行评价,建立一套相应的森林健康评价指标体系。     

基于北斗和GPS的双模田间作业机车定位系统

为获取田间作业机车空间信息和运行信息,设计了一种基于北斗/GPS的双模定位系统。采用单片机对北斗/GPS双模接收机模块输出的数据进行解析,可以得到作业机车的位置、运行状态和作业状态等信息。上位机可以实时对车辆运行信息进行监控和储存,为实现田间机车智能化调度提供了可靠依据。     

膨润土褐铁矿改性白云石催化松木棒气化工艺优化

针对白云石催化剂在生物质催化气化过程中易碎、易产生积碳失活问题,为提高其催化活性、抗积碳和再生性能,采用固定床下吸式气化炉试验系统,以Fe-Dol-Ben(膨润土/褐铁矿改性白云石)为催化剂,松木屑废料经成型为棒状颗粒为原料,进行高温水蒸气催化气化试验。研究气化温度(700～1000℃)、铁含量(质量分数为5%～20%)以及催化剂使用次数(1～4)等因素对松木棒催化气化性能及催化剂表面积碳影响。试验结果表明,水蒸气和松木棒的质量比(气料比)为1,催化剂的铁质量分数为15%,气化温度为900℃时气化气中氢气的体积分数达到最大值58.38%,Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂积碳量随气化温度升高逐渐减小,试验区间内1 000℃时达到最小值,较700℃减少了80%。气化气中氢气的体积分数随铁含量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,积碳量呈先降低后增加,在铁质量分数为15%催化效果较好。Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂较相同条件下分别用膨润土及改性前白云石催化时积碳量分别减少了80.6%和53.6%。对催化剂进行再生再利用试验表明,使用后的Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂进行700℃煅烧再生后,其晶相与催化前基本相同,将其多次再生循环利用,随着使用次数的增加气化气中氢气的体积分数逐渐降低,催化剂的积碳量逐渐增大,使用4次并用于催化气化时氢气的体积分数仍接近50%,保持较好催化效果。综合气化效果、积碳量及经济性因素,Fe-Dol-Ben铁质量分数为15%,气化温度选取900℃为较理想工况。该研究可为改性白云石Fe-Dol-Ben催化剂的研制及生物质高温水蒸汽催化气化技术提供参考。