棉花剥壳机参数及性能的优化

在对现有棉花剥壳机改进的基础上,应用正交试验研究法对影响棉花剥壳机性能的关键参数-叶片倾角、主轴导程和主轴转速进行了优化研究,发现主轴导程为影响分离率的重要因素,叶片倾角和主轴转速为主要因素,并分析了各因素对棉花剥壳分离率的影响趋势,从而为进一步改进棉花剥壳机的参数、提高棉花剥壳机的性能提供依据.     

Effect of soil sealing on the microbial biomass,N transformation and related enzyme activities at various depths of soils in urban area of Beijing,China

Purpose  

Sealing of soils prevents the exchange of gas, water and nutrient between soil and other environmental compartments, and affects urban N flux, thereby resulting in certain negative impacts on soil functioning and urban environment. However, little information is available on the biogeochemical cycling and biological activities after sealing of soils in urban areas. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of soil sealing on N transformation and associated microbial properties.     

结构参数对增压器浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响

基于以往对增压器的浮环轴承润滑分析中大都忽略浮环的环速比影响,或将润滑性能和环速比独立分析。该文采用数值分析方法研究了增压器浮环轴承的润滑特性和环速比,分析中考虑了转轴、浮环、轴承座之间的传热因素,基于Reynolds方程和浮环平衡方程,建立了浮环轴承润滑模型,对比分析了浮环内、外层间隙,内、外圆半径4个结构参数对浮环轴承润滑特性和环速比的影响。结果表明,实际设计浮环时,需综合考虑结构参数对浮环润滑特性和环速比的影响及影响程度;浮环内层间隙增加,环速比降低,与内层间隙0.02 mm时相比,转速60 000 r/min时,内层间隙0.04 mm时的环速比减幅达23%,内层间隙增加,内、外膜温度减小,摩擦功耗略有增加,内层间隙0.03 mm时,浮环具有较理想的润滑性能和环速比;外层间隙0.06 mm的环速比均比外层间隙0.04 mm的环速比增加30%以上,外层间隙增加,外膜温度减小,且转速越高,外膜温度减幅越大;浮环内圆半径越小,环速比越小,内、外膜温度和摩擦功耗越小,浮环润滑性能越好;浮环外圆半径增加,环速比降低,但内膜温度、外膜温度、总摩擦功耗和总端泄流量变化幅度均在5%以内,外圆半径对浮环润滑性能影响不显著;浮环实际设计时,调整内圆半径比调整外圆半径对改善浮环润滑性能更有效。     

基于贝叶斯最大熵和多源数据的作物需水量空间预测

作物需水量是灌溉工程规划、设计和管理的重要基础数据,充分利用多源数据和先验知识,快速经济地获取精度较高的区域作物需水量对于区域水资源的优化配置具有重要意义。为精确预测作物需水量,该文以长系列实际监测和校核作物系数后计算得到的作物需水量为硬数据,利用硬数据确定获得最大熵的约束条件,根据软数据获取渠道的不同(部分年份缺失的站点数据、文献中获得的数据、利用灌溉试验数据库中的作物需水量资料,采用协同克立格方法获得的数据、考虑主要地形因子和主要气象要素的影响,采用主成分分析和地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWR)方法获得作物需水量数据以及遥感数据),提出不同来源软数据的概率密度函数表达方法,采用贝叶斯最大熵(Bayesian maximum entropy,BME)方法对不同来源的作物需水量信息进行有机整合。结果表明:除硬数据+文献软数据外,其他数据整合呈现一致结果。华北地区冬小麦作物需水量在豫南地区较小,中部地区黄河北岸有连片的相对高值区,山东需水量相对较高,冀东北的乐亭、唐山附近有相对低值区。除硬数据+文献软数据比不整合的精度低9.41%外,其他软数据源均可不同程度地提高整合效果,硬数据+克立格软数据、硬数据+GWR软数据和硬数据+除文献数据外的其他软数据分别比不整合的精度提高85.33%、85.75%和91.69%。对考虑地形、气象等要素的多源数据进行整合可更好地反映冬小麦作物需水量空间分布的细节,显著提高估算精度,为稀疏监测站点地区水土资源的精准管理和优化配置提供数据支撑。     

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Chlorinated Organic Compound Degradation by Siderite-Activated Peroxide and Persulfate

The efficacy of two oxidant systems, iron-activated hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and iron-activated hydrogen peroxide coupled with persulfate (S₂O₈ ^2?), was investigated for treatment of two chlorinated organic compounds, trichloroethene (TCE) and 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA). Batch tests were conducted at multiple temperatures (10–50 °C) to investigate degradation kinetics and reaction thermodynamics. The influence of an inorganic salt, dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄ ^?), on oxidative degradation was also examined. The degradation of TCE was promoted in both systems, with greater degradation observed for higher temperatures. The inhibition effect of H₂PO₄ ^? on the degradation of TCE increased with increasing temperature for the iron-activated H₂O₂ system but decreased for the iron-activated hydrogen peroxide-persulfate system. DCA degradation was limited in the iron-activated hydrogen peroxide system. Conversely, significant DCA degradation (87% in 48 h at 20 °C) occurred in the iron-activated hydrogen peroxide-persulfate system, indicating the crucial role of sulfate radical (SO₄ ^??) from persulfate on the oxidative degradation of DCA. The activation energy values varied from 37.7 to 72.9 kJ/mol, depending on the different reactants. Overall, the binary hydrogen peroxide-persulfate oxidant system exhibited better performance than hydrogen peroxide alone for TCE and DCA degradation.     

Analysis of ammonia losses after field application of biogas slurries by an empirical model

Due to energy crises and stricter environmental regulations, renewable energy sources like bio‐methane produced by anaerobic digestion (biogas) become increasingly important. However, the application of slurries produced by biogas fermentation to agricultural land and subsequent ammonia emission may also create environmental risks to the atmosphere and to N‐limited ecosystems. Evaluating ammonia loss from agricultural land by model simulation is an important tool of agricultural‐systems analysis. The objective of this study was the systematical comparison of ammonia volatilization after application of two types of biogas slurries containing high amounts of energy crops in comparison with conventional animal slurries and to investigate the relative importance of factors affecting the emission process through an empirical model. A high number of ammonia‐loss field measurements were carried out in the years 2007/08 in biogas cropping systems in N Germany. The study consisted of simultaneous measurement of NH₃ losses from animal and biogas slurries in multiple‐plot field experiments with different N‐fertilization levels. The derived empirical model for the calculation of NH₃ losses based on explanatory variables gave good predictions of ammonia emission for both biogas and pig slurries. The root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE) of the empirical model for validation data were 2.19 kg N ha^–1 (rRMSE 29%) and –1.19 kg N ha^–1, respectively. Biogas slurries produced highest NH₃ emissions compared to the two animal slurries. In view of the explanatory variables included in the model, total NH$ _4^+ $ application rate, slurry type, temperature, precipitation, crop type, and leaf‐area index were important for ammonia‐volatilization losses.     

Effect of dietary daidzein on egg production, shell quality, and gene expression of ER-alpha, GH-R, and IGF-IR in shell glands of laying hens

Our previous studies demonstrated that dietary daidzein improves egg production in ducks during the late period of the laying cycle. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of daidzein in laying hens, with more focus on eggshell quality. The expression of ER-alpha, GH-R, and IGF-IR mRNA in shell glands was determined to identify the target genes of daidzein action and to reveal the relationship between shell quality and profiles of gene expression in shell glands of laying hens. 1000 ISA hens, at 445 days of age, were allotted at random to two groups and given the basal diet with or without 10 mg of daidzein per kg diet for 9 weeks. Daidzein supplement significantly increased the egg laying rate and the feed conversion ratio. The eggshell thickness increased, while the percentage of cracked eggs decreased in daidzein-treated hens. Serum E2 and phosphate concentrations were not altered, but the level of serum Ca2+ and the tibia bone mineral density were significantly increased in the daidzein-treated group compared with their control counterparts. In parallel with the significant increase of oviduct weight, significant down-regulation of GH-R and IGF-IR mRNA and a trend of decrease in ERalpha mRNA expression in shell glands were observed in daidzein-treated hens. The results indicate that dietary daidzein improves egg laying performance and eggshell quality during the late (postpeak) laying stage of hens, which is associated with modulations in gene expression in the shell gland.     

超滤技术对苹果汁加工中主要芳香成分影响的研究

选用青香蕉苹果和国光苹果为原料,研究了超滤对苹果汁主要芳香成分的影响。苹果汁用国产平板膜超滤机澄清,用顶空动态采样法收集芳香物,用气相色谱法分析芳香成分。通过比较超滤前后青香蕉和国光苹果汁芳香成分的变化,截留分子量为10000daltons的聚砜膜PS—10对苹果汁芳香成分保留有良好效果,优于PS—30,PS—60和PS—80;聚砜膜对醇类芳香成分保留优于酯类芳香成分,并对其截留机理作了初步探讨,认为吸附起主要作用。芳香物回收实验表明,12000Pa,50℃为苹果汁芳香成分回收的适宜条件。     

自动基流分割法在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区典型流域适用性分析

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生态环境脆弱,河川基流量的多少及其变化对维持该区生态系统健康具有重要意义.利用黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区窟野河流域多年实测径流资料,研究国内外常用的滑动最小值法、HYSEP法和数字滤波法3类共8种自动基流分割方法在该研究区的适用性.结果表明:1)8种方法所得年均基流指数差异较.大,最大为0.651 5...