A Review on Decaffeination of Tea Products

Since caffeine possesses some well-unknown adverse effects,many attempts have been conducted to remove it from tea products,including selective extraction with different solvents,enzymatic degradation and inhibition the caffeine synthesis pathway.Reports showed that caffeine can be safely and efficiently removed from fresh tea leaves by hot water blanching,however this approach is not suitable for treating the rolled or dried leaves because of the unavoidable loss of catechins.Although microwave-enhanced vacuum ice water extraction can be used for decaffeination of dried tea,time consumption seems to be the main shortage of this method.Liquefied dimethyl ether might be used as another alternative solvent for selective extraction of caffeine from tea products because of its low toxicity and residum,but its decaffeination efficiency needs to be verified furthermore.It has been proved that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction is an effective approach for removing caffeine from different types of tea products,while the application of the technique is always limited as its expensive equipments and high running costs.Decaffeination with microbe incubation or enzymatic digestion is highly hopeful since many studies showed that some microorganisms can degrade the caffeine through induced demethylase and oxidase under gentle condition in some model systems,unfortunately,this approach is far away from application since security and quality of the decaffeinated products are rarely concerned.Low-caffeine tea products can be easily produced through normal manufacture by using the leaves harvested from some low-caffeine cultivars which are derived through genetic modification or conventional breeding,but these germplasms are very limited.     

引进美系大白猪的适应性研究与生产性能测定

为充分了解新美系大白猪的生产性能,自主培育能满足不同市场需求、生产性能好、适应性强的大白猪父本新品系,我们对引进的美系大白猪进行了适应性研究与生产性能测定.结果表明,新美系大白猪在主要经济性状上与国内原有大白猪相比具有一定优势,是一个良好的育种素材.但同时也表现出一定的缺点,在使用过程中应引起用户注意,不要盲目跟从.     

基于成本视角的水质水量双向调节生态补偿量研究

[目的]以黄河流域陕西片区为实例进行水质水量双向调节的生态补偿量研究,为解决黄河流域上下游生态权益分配矛盾,实现流域区域间公平发展提供理论依据。[方法]同时考虑成本、价值和奖惩3个方面,以基本补偿标准为基础,采用水质改良系数法和水量贡献度法,构建基于水质水量的补偿标准测算模型开展研究。[结果]黄河流域陕西片区生态补偿量的基本补偿标准为13.74亿元;基于水质、水量调节值分别为-5.66和6.84亿元;2018年陕西省获得生态补偿金额为14.92亿元。[结论]相比以往的测算模型,该模型的测算结果更符合实际情况,同时也更适应于外部环境要素的变化。     

基于MODIS遥感资料估算高原地表潜热通量

利用2014年夏季青藏高原9个观测站的实测资料,首先分析了夏季高原地区的湍流输送特征,并对MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)地表潜热产品在高原地区的适用性进行检验,进一步在潜热模型中引入MODIS昼夜地表温度来估算研究区的地表潜热,并将估算值与实测值进行对比。结果表明:下垫面以裸土/稀疏植被为主的阿里站能量输送以感热为主,其他观测站的湍流输送则以潜热输送为主;MODIS潜热产品在高原各地区的适用性存在差异,产品在高原东部偏东地区适用性较好,其他地区适用性较差,且高原西部的潜热有效数据大量缺失;而新提出的方法不仅可以弥补高原西部地表潜热的缺失,还可以提高地表潜热的估算精度,估算值与实测值之间相关系数达到0.77,均方根误差仅为29.8 W/m2,相对误差为35.59%;模型给出的高原地区地表潜热区域分布特征与高原的地表覆盖类型吻合较好,说明模型给出的高原地表潜热分布是合理的。     

基于温度差监测西北地区的土壤相对湿度

在2012年黑河生态水文遥感试验（HiWATER）观测资料的基础上,结合卫星的地表温度产品计算观测点的垂直温度差及温度的日较差,并分析了不同时间尺度上温度差与浅层土壤相对湿度（包括土层深度2 cm,4 cm和10 cm的土壤相对湿度）的相关性。为检验温度差在区域含水量监测中的效果,利用经度、纬度和海拔高度对气温进行插值。同时为消除温度的区域性差异,将各温度差进行归一化处理,最后将归一化后的垂直温度差区域分布与土壤相对湿度进行了对比。结果表明:在各温度差中,地表温度和气温计算的垂直温度差与浅层土壤相对湿度的相关性最好;在时间尺度上,温度差与浅层土壤相对湿度的相关系数随时间尺度的增加而增大;在各土层深度中,温度差与4 cm的浅层土壤相对湿度相关性更好;在气温插值中,在纬度和海拔高度基础上插值出的气温与实测值之间更为接近;区域尺度上,归一化后的垂直温度差有效地解决了地理位置和下垫面对垂直温度差的影响,可以很好地监测月尺度上土壤湿度的变化的情况。     

基于土壤水分异质性的小麦滴灌试验小区布设方法

科学合理地确定适宜的试验小区规格,对于经济、高效地获取具有较高精度和代表性的试验数据具有重要现实意义.该研究以确定滴灌条件下适宜的试验小区规格为目标,采用幂函数建立土壤含水率方差与不同小区面积之间的相关关系,计算土壤水分异质性指数以表征试验小区内土壤含水率的相关程度;利用土壤含水率异质性指数,采用Hatheway法确定小麦滴灌试验小区适宜的面积和重复数;根据不同方向上土壤含水率异质性指数研究形状对试验结果的影响,确定试验小区适宜的长宽比.结果表明:增大试验小区面积可以提高试验数据的准确性,但不同面积区间数据离散程度的降低幅度变化较大:面积由1 m2增大到50~100 m2,灌水定额30 mm处理田块间土壤含水率方差降低77.4%~82.6%,灌水定额45 mm处理降低78.6%~83.7%,面积从100 m2增加到500 m2,方差降低幅度显著变小,灌水定额30 mm处理降低17.4%,灌水定额45 mm处理降低16.3%;增加试验重复数可以增加试验对处理间土壤含水率差异的区分能力,试验小区面积在50~100 m2时,重复数由2增加到3能检测出的处理间土壤含水率差异由23.2%~26.5%提高到13.1%~15.0%,表明增加试验重复数可以检测出试验处理间更小的土壤含水率差异,提高试验精度.通过研究滴灌试验小区土壤水分异质性指数与滴灌试验小区规格之间的关系,综合考虑试验精度、代表性和田间实际操作得出以下结论:若试验为高、低水2处理时,试验布设宜为3重复,每重复小区面积为50 m2,可在80%的概率下检测出15%的真实差异;若试验为高、中、低3处理时,试验布设宜为3重复,每重复小区面积为100 m2,可在80%的概率下检测出12%的真实差异.滴灌试验小区适宜的形状为沿滴灌带方向布设的长方形,长宽比在1:1到5:1之间可使试验小区所得数据更具代表性.     

Environmentally friendly slow-release nitrogen fertilizer

To sustain the further world population, more fertilizers are required, which may become an environmental hazard, unless adequate technical and socioeconomic impacts are addressed. In the current study, slow-release formulations of nitrogen fertilizer were developed on the basis of natural attapulgite (APT) clay, ethylcellulose (EC) film, and sodium carboxymethylcellulose/hydroxyethylcellulose (CMC/HEC) hydrogel. The structural and chemical characteristics of the product were examined. The release profiles of urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium chloride as nitrogen fertilizer substrates were determined in soil. To further compare the release profiles of nitrogen from different fertilizer substrates, a mathematical model for nutrient release from the coated fertilizer was applied to calculate the diffusion coefficient D. The influence of the product on water-holding and water-retention capacities of soil was determined. The experimental data indicated that the product can effectively reduce nutrient loss, improve use efficiency of water, and prolong irrigation cycles in drought-prone environments.     

贵溪冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染特性及评价

在对贵溪冶炼厂周边区域的农田土壤及生产的稻谷进行采样调查和数据处理分析的基础上,对农田土壤重金属污染特性和现状进行了监测和初步评价,结果表明:农田土壤重金属污染可能来源于贵溪冶炼厂废水的排放及尾矿渣的堆放,与灌溉水源无关;用国家土壤环境质量二级标准进行评价可知,农田土壤重金属的综合污染指数较高,土壤污染已处于重度污染等级,单项重金属污染指数表明Cu、Cd的含量已严重超标,并处于重度污染等级,Zn、Pb和As的含量未构成污染;水泉村、竹山村与所生产的稻谷三者之间呈显著或极显著正相关,即农田生态系统呈复合污染的趋势。     

Enhanced Bacillus thuringiensis Production from Sewage Sludge with Alkaline and Ultrasonic Pretreatments

Sewage sludge is a cost-effective media for the production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides. To enhance the entomotoxicity of the fermentation broth, pretreatments of sewage sludge by alkali and ultrasonic were applied in this study. Effects of alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatments on the soluble COD (SCOD) and total COD (TCOD) were evaluated by altering the alkali addition dose and the ultrasonic specific energy. Suitable pretreatment conditions were optimized with 5 g l^?1 sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for alkaline treatment and 1.2?×?10⁵ kJ kg^?1 of total solid for ultrasonic treatment. Fermentations of raw and pretreated sludge for biopesticides were carried out in a bench scale fermentor. Results revealed that both pretreatments were effective for Bt growth and metabolism. Higher viable cells (VC) and viable spores (VS) counts, δ-endotoxin yields and entomotoxicity were achieved in the pretreated sludge. The enhancement was attributed to more available nutrients and better oxygen transfer. Moreover, ultrasonic pretreated sludge was superior to alkaline pretreated sludge for δ-endotoxin production and entomotoxicity owing to its higher soluble C/N ratio and finer particles.     

肥沙混施对盐碱地冬小麦耗水特性与生长的影响

为解析春限一水条件下盐碱地改良措施对小麦耗水和产量调控作用,于2015—2018年连续3个冬小麦生长季,设置耕层掺黄河泥沙(SS)、配施生物有机肥(FF)和掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥(SF) 3个处理,以不作处理为对照(CK),研究不同处理下农田土壤水分变化和冬小麦干物质积累规律。结果表明:连续3年产量水平为3 317. 77～5 449. 52 kg/hm~2,各处理间以SF处理的籽粒产量最高,该处理与CK相比,籽粒产量提高35%～51%;总耗水量变幅为352. 85～394. 89 mm,不同处理间总耗水量均以CK最低,以SF处理最高(361. 81～394. 89 mm);农田水分利用效率变幅为9. 01～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm),以SF处理最高(12. 02～13. 96 kg/(hm~2·mm)),比CK高33%～48%,其次为FF处理和SS处理,分别比CK高9%～32%、9%～18%。SS或FF处理可增加冬小麦拔节前0～200 cm土层贮水量,增大拔节至成熟阶段的耗水量及其占总耗水量的比例,促进冬小麦对土壤贮水和深层土壤水分的利用,最终提高冬小麦的生物量和籽粒产量。冬小麦籽粒产量与干物质积累量、总穗粒数呈显著正相关;水分利用效率与冬小麦耗水量、产量呈二次曲线关系。在本研究条件下,随着籽粒产量提高,水分利用效率快速增加;而随耗水量增加,各处理间水分利用效率增减表现不同。综合考虑产量、收获指数和水分利用效率,确定掺黄河泥沙配施生物有机肥处理(SF)是本研究条件下的最佳处理。