Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non-culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2-1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2-2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.     

Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses

Efforts to control viral diseases of grapevine include the production of certified material and development of virus-resistant transgenic grapevines. However, effective antiviral agents, once the viruses have infected the plants, are still lacking. This study shows that a crude garlic extract has significant antiviral activity against grapevine viruses. Replication of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) was obviously inhibited in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon calli treated with diluted (1:100) garlic extract. The relative RNA levels of GLRaV-2 and grapevine fleck virus (GFkV) in cv. Summer Black grapevine in in vitro-grown plantlets 10 days after treatment with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 22% and 20%, respectively, of that in controls. The viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-2, GFkV, grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) in field-grown grapevine cv. Centennial Seedless plants sprayed with diluted (1:100) garlic extract were about 31–40%, 26–38%, 18–31%, 17–42% and 15–18%, respectively, of that in controls. Moreover, the garlic extract treatment led to a significant decrease in viral RNA accumulation of GLRaV-3, GLRaV-2, GVA, GFkV, GFLV, GRSPaV and grapevine Pinot Gris virus in pot-grown grapevine cv. Shine Muscat plants, and viral disease symptoms in these plants were obviously attenuated. In addition, this extract significantly induced expression of pathogenesis-related protein genes and stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes in grapevines. Taken together, these results indicate that the crude garlic extract acts as a significant inhibitor against a broad range of grapevine viruses.     

不同播种期对露地越冬菠菜生长发育及品质的影响

【目的】 研究新疆北疆地区不同播种期对露地越冬菠菜生长发育及品质的影响。【方法】 以绿冠369和美国大叶2个菠菜品种为试材,分别于2018年8月15日、8月25日、9月15日播种,次年开春时测定其生长指标、品质指标、产量、抽薹时间等相关指标。【结果】 露地栽培条件下,2个菠菜品种在3个不同的播种期均可安全越冬,次年开春采收时随播期的延后2个菠菜品种草酸含量呈递减趋势,抽薹时间会推迟,有效叶片数量和有效产量增加成正比,2个菠菜品种最早(8月15日)播种者越冬后的有效叶片数量和有效产量最低。【结论】 不同播种期对露地越冬菠菜部分品质指标和产量的影响很明显,新疆北疆地区根据当地气温条件,平均温度降到15~20℃时播种为宜,一般8月25日以后。     

日光温室主动采光对不同种植密度番茄光合特性的影响

【目的】研究日光温室在主动采光与普通采光条件下,对其环境以及番茄叶片光合特性的影响。【方法】在主动采光与普通采光的2种日光温室内,设计4、6、8 株/m² 3种不同的番茄种植密度处理,连续3 d(晴天的条件)测得日光温室环境与番茄叶片光合作用的相关数据。【结果】主动采光日光温室环境温湿度、光照辐射方面优于非主动采光日光温室,主动采光日光温室的光照辐射均值较普通采光日光温室在3 d内分别高出了4.39%、5.85%、5.67%;两栋日光温室番茄的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈现随着密度的增加而减弱的现象,胞间CO₂浓度则相反;就不同采光日光温室而言,主动采光日光温室番茄的光合特性较普通采光日光温室高。【结论】日光温室主动采光在环境以及番茄光合特性方面均优越于普通采光日光温室。     

氨基酸液体肥料替代氮肥对辣椒生长、产量及品质的影响

【目的】氮肥减施条件下,筛选出适合辣椒生长的氨基酸液体肥料比例,提高辣椒的产量及品质。【方法】以辉腾8号为材料,共设6个处理,以常规施肥为对照,减施氮肥10%、20%、30%、40%、50%,配施氨基酸液体肥料,测定辣椒的生长指标、产量及品质指标,分析氨基酸液体肥料替代化肥对辣椒生长、产量及品质的影响。【结果】各处理对辣椒的生长、产量及品质都有影响。T4处理可以提高辣椒的产量,其中,单果重、单株果实数、单株产量、小区产量分别比CK提高0.17%、28.98%、10.11%、24.64%。同时,T4处理可以改善辣椒的品质,果形指数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、VC比CK提高12.62%、10.92%、3.63%、30.44%,硝酸盐含量比CK降低22.61%。【结论】氨基酸液体肥料可以替代部分氮肥且T4处理(减施氮肥40%,配施28 kg/667m²的氨基酸液体肥料)进行基施和追施,可使辣椒的产量和品质达到最好。     

基于用户参与的科研院所机构知识库建设模式研究

文章以用户参与为理论基础,以融入科研管理为实践目标,创新性地提出一种适合科研院所的机构知识库建设模式,并以江苏省农业科学院为例进行了实证研究,该模式兼具传统机构知识库功能,又能体现科研机构特色、解决科研机构成果管理问题.在此基础上,还分析明确了适用于科研院所成果管理和共享的数据审核流程、元数据标准规范、功能模块、系统架构、管理运行机制等.     

基于双目立体视觉的重叠柑橘空间定位

果实的精准识别和定位是智能采摘面临的难题之一。基于双目立体视觉,提出了一种针对户外重叠柑橘的三维空间定位方法。首先,从双目左右图像中提取重叠柑橘果实轮廓并进行高斯平滑,通过曲率分析,找出异常的轮廓像素点;其次,依次连接相邻两个异常像素点,分析该线段上的像素点到柑橘轮廓的距离,在相邻两正常线段的交点处完成重叠柑橘轮廓分割,并通过寻找异常线段剔除对应的非柑橘轮廓像素点;再者,采用最小二乘椭圆拟合方法重建柑橘目标轮廓,并获取柑橘的中心;最后,根据双目极线约束和图像相似度,对重叠柑橘中心点进行匹配,并基于视差原理计算柑橘中心的深度值及三维空间坐标,确定重叠柑橘的遮挡关系。户外实验结果表明,所提出的方法定位误差为6.38 mm,满足柑橘采摘机器人户外采摘作业的定位精度要求。