中国水牛瘤胃纤毛虫分布与挥发性脂肪酸的研究

对中国广西西林水牛和摩拉水牛瘤胃纤毛虫种类分布进行了鉴定检测,并测定了其瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸浓度,同时进行了比较研究。全部检出17属63种25型瘤胃纤毛虫,比以前进行的8种反刍动物瘤胃纤毛虫分布研究中出现的总数和每个宿主个体中出现的平均纤毛虫种数多,种类构成最复杂,其纤毛虫构成特点类似于东南亚地区水牛瘤胃纤毛虫构成特点。其中广西西林水牛中检出了Entodinium biconcavumsp n,是至今从未鉴定记载过的认为是新种的特殊种类。广西西林水牛检出13属54种20型、摩拉水牛检出16属45种11型瘤胃纤毛虫。广西西林水牛瘤胃纤毛虫平均密度为2.13×105/mL,摩拉水牛瘤胃纤毛虫密度为3.43×105/mL。中国水牛瘤胃纤毛虫属别构成中Entodinium属出现率最高,但两个水牛品种间存在明显差别,其他属别构成也不尽一致。这与不同品种原来的地理环境分布与饲养管理条件有关。广西西林水牛瘤胃总VFA浓度为75.60 mmol/mL,摩拉水牛的为58.74 mmol/mL。瘤胃总VFA含量中均为乙酸含量最高,属于典型的粗饲料发酵类型。     

自然保护区管理运行职能评价与优化研究

根据自然保护区管理学的基本观点,自然保护区管理运行职能评价包括自然保护区区划评价、规划评价、管理组织设置评价、管理人员配备评价、协调评价和调控评价等。自然保护区管理已引起国内外的广泛关注,由于完整的自然保护区管理运行职能的理论和实证研究非常薄弱,研究的理论和实践意义重大。因此,以特定自然保护区为实证对象,建立原始数据库,构建自然保护区管理运行职能评价指标体系,开发自然保护区管理运行职能评价系统进行定量评价,结合定性分析进行综合评价;然后,根据自然保护区管理运行职能综合评价的结果,利用Swot分析法优化自然保护区管理运行职能,最后得出自然保护区管理运行职能评价与优化的结论,并提出普适性自然保护区管理运行职能评价的基本框架。     

基于SPI指数的近50a内蒙古地区干旱特征分析

利用近50a逐月降水资料,以标准化降水指数(SPI)作为干旱指标,详细全面地分析了内蒙古东中西部年际干旱强度、干旱覆盖范围和干旱频率特征及其演变规律.结果表明:近50a来,内蒙古东部和中部总体干旱强度增加但不显著,西部总体干旱强度减弱但不显著.从干旱覆盖范围来看,西部呈略微减少趋势,中部增加但不显著,而东部呈显著增加趋势,且中部和西部以全域性干旱为主,东部以区域性干旱为主.从干旱频率上看,东中西部空间差异性明显.东部轻旱发生频率较高的地区包括海拉尔市东北部、兴安盟、通辽市西部以及赤峰市东部,中旱在大部分地区发生的频率都较高,重旱在海拉尔市局部地区发生的频率较高;中部地区锡林郭勒盟轻旱、中旱和重旱发生的频率都较高;西部大部分地区轻旱发生的频率较高.     

Specific gravity responses of slash and loblolly pine following mid-rotation fertilization

Wood quality attributes were examined in six stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) in the lower Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida. Several plots comprised each stand, and each plot was divided so that it received three fertilizer treatments: a control treatment with herbaceous weed control at planting and brush control at mid-rotation only (control); 45 kg ha⁻¹ N + 56 kg ha⁻¹ P + herbaceous weed control at planting and 224 kg ha⁻¹ N + 45 kg ha⁻¹ P + brush control at mid-rotation (fertilizer with N at planting); and 56 kg ha⁻¹ P + herbaceous weed control at planting and 224 kg ha⁻¹ N + 45 kg ha⁻¹ P + brush control at mid-rotation (fertilizer without N at planting). Ring width, ring earlywood specific gravity (SG), ring latewood SG, whole ring SG, and ring percent latewood were measured on each of seven trees. Of these measurements, this study focused mainly on the properties related to SG. Examination of the rings showed that latewood SG was significantly lower in trees treated with fertilizers with and without N at planting in the two to three years following fertilization, but that latewood SG gradually returned to a level similar to the control. Fertilizer without N at planting may also have had a brief negative effect on earlywood SG following mid-rotation fertilization, but it was not as clear or lasting as the effect on latewood SG. Additionally, although slash and loblolly pine appear to differ in the developmental patterns of these SG properties, there were no significant differences in how these patterns interacted with treatment. This study demonstrated that fertilization treatments have similar short-term effects on the SG of slash and loblolly pines, particularly in latewood, but the trees will return to a SG pattern consistent with unfertilized trees within two or three years.     

Mercury cratering record viewed from MESSENGER's first flyby

Morphologies and size-frequency distributions of impact craters on Mercury imaged during MESSENGER's first flyby elucidate the planet's geological history. Plains interior to the Caloris basin displaying color and albedo contrasts have comparable crater densities and therefore similar ages. Smooth plains exterior to Caloris exhibit a crater density approximately 40% less than on interior plains and are thus volcanic and not Caloris impact ejecta. The size distribution of smooth-plains craters matches that of lunar craters postdating the Late Heavy Bombardment, implying that the plains formed no earlier than 3.8 billion years ago (Ga). At diameters less than or equal to 8 to 10 kilometers, secondary impact craters on Mercury are more abundant than primaries; this transition diameter is much larger than that on the Moon or Mars. A low density of craters on the peak-ring basin Raditladi implies that it may be younger than 1 Ga.     

Eel acetylcholinesterase inhibition studies with heteroarylphosphinates

The inhibition of eel acetylcholinesterase by the 4-nitrophenyl esters of 2-furyl(methyl)-, methyl(2-thienyl)-, di-2-furyl-, and di-2-thienylphosphinic acid (I, II, III, and IV, respectively) was investigated at pH 6.90 in 0.067 M phosphate buffer (25.0°C) using stopped-flow instrumentation and automated data processing. Our evaluation of the dissociation constant, K_d, the unimolecular bonding rate constant, k₂, and the bimolecular reaction constant, k_i, are the first reported values for these constants for alkyl/heteroaryl and diheteroaryl esters of phosphinic acids. The largest k_i value (19,330 M^?1 sec^?1) was observed for the reaction of I with the enzyme. The order for the remaining three is II > IV > III. There is no direct relationship between the hydrolysis rates of the esters and their anticholinesterase activities on eel acetylcholinesterase. Likewise, there is no direct relationship between their anticholinesterase activities and the LD₅₀ values in rats.     

Nitrogen transformations in cold and frozen agricultural soils following organic amendments

Though microbial activity is known to occur in frozen soils, little is known about the fate of animal manure N applied in the fall to agricultural soils located in areas with prolonged winter periods. Our objective was to examine transformations of soil and pig slurry N at low temperatures. Loamy and clay soils were either unamended (Control), amended with ¹⁵NH₄-labeled pig slurry, or amended with the pig slurry and wheat straw. Soils were incubated at −6, −2, 2, 6, and 10 °C. The amounts of NH₄, NO₃ and microbial biomass N (MBN), and the presence of ¹⁵N in these pools were monitored. Total mineral N, NO₃ and ¹⁵NO₃ increased at temperature down to −2 °C in the loam soil and −6 °C in the clay soil, indicating that nitrification and mineralization proceeded in frozen soils. Nitrification and mineralization rates were 1.8-4.9 times higher in the clay than in the loamy soil, especially below freezing point (3.2-4.9), possibly because more unfrozen water remained in the clay than in the loamy soil. Slurry addition increased nitrification rates by 3-14 times at all temperatures, indicating that this process was N-limited even in frozen soils. Straw incorporation caused significant net N immobilization only at temperatures ≥2 °C in both soils; the rates were 1.4-3.4 higher in the loam than in the clay soil. Nevertheless, up to 30% of the applied ¹⁵N was present in MBN at all temperatures. These findings indicate that microbial N immobilization occurred in frozen soils, but was not strong enough to induce net immobilization below the freezing point, even in the presence of straw. The Q₁₀ values for estimated mineralization and nitrification rates were one to two orders-of-magnitude larger below 2 °C than above this temperature (13-208 versus 1.5-6.9, respectively), indicating that these processes are highly sensitive to a small increase in soil temperature around the freezing point of water. This study confirms that net mineralization and nitrification can occur at potentially significant rates in frozen agricultural soils, especially in the presence of organic amendments. In contrast, net N immobilization could be detected essentially above the freezing point. Our results imply that fall-applied N could be at risk of overwinter losses, particularly in fine-textured soils.     

黑龙江省马铃薯气候生产力特征及区划

利用黑龙江省81个气象站1975-2004年30 a的逐日气象资料及相应插值的网格同期逐日气象资料,采用WOFOST作物生长模型,模拟并分析了马铃薯气候生产力的空间分布特征,同时分析了各地气候生产力影响因素及分布特征;利用气候生产力的距平百分率、变异系数及与气候生产力密切相关的有关生育期的4个气候因子(平均气温、气温日较差、日平均日照时数、降水量),采用动态聚类分析方法,将黑龙江省马铃薯可能种植区初步划分为9类气候栽培区,为充分利用当地气候资源发展马铃薯生产提供参考。     

硬盘数据的安全防御

随着信息和网络技术的快速发展,越来越多的重要数据存储在硬盘上,硬盘数据的安全保护逐渐成为备受关注的问题。通过对计算机硬盘数据结构的分析,结合人们对计算机硬盘数据安全的认识误区,全面阐述了威胁计算机硬盘数据安全的几个因素及其防范措施。