Synthesis, identification, and acute toxicity of alpha-benzylphenethylamine and alpha-benzyl-N-methylphenethylamine. Contaminants in clandestine preparation of amphetamine and methamphetamine

Amphetamine samples obtained from clandestine laboratories often contain other by-product amines. The most common of these are the alpha-benzylphenethylamine derivatives. This article reports the independent synthesis of reference samples of these amines, spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for their identification, as well as acute toxicological studies. The utility of the analytical methods is demonstrated by the analysis of several amphetamine samples containing these alpha-benzylphenethylamines.     

Adverse effects of simulated harvesting of short-rotation willow and poplar coppice on vertical pressures and rut depths

Little is known of the effects of mechanized harvesting on ground conditions during the harvesting of short-rotation coppice. An investigation was therefore carried out in which different vehicles were used to simulate the effects of wheeling from heavy and light harvesters and crop removal equipment. The experiments were carried out on sites containing Bowles hybrid willow (Salix viminalis) and poplars (Populas rap) and on clay and sandy loam soils. The effect of different vehicles was assessed in terms of rut damage and direct measurements of soil stress using buried sensors. Maximum stresses measured 0.3 m below tractor wheels ranged from 50 to 200 kPa, but the greatest stresses, 350 kPa, were recorded under laden trailer wheels. Maximum stresses measured beneath crawler tracks were only 25 kPa. Similarly, substantial ruts were caused by vehicles simulating wheeled harvesters, the deepest ruts were caused by laden trailers but crawler tracks created least disturbance. Wheeling was carried out at soil water contents above the plastic limit and the deepest ruts were created on clay rather than sandy loam soil. The effects of the stresses generated in the soil could impede future root growth, and the deeper ruts formed could damage existing root systems of coppice.     

营口农业水资源现状及利用途径的研究

水是农业生产的命脉,农业水资源短缺,影响到农业生产和农业经济发展,我省是我国水资源严重匮乏的地区之一,营口市又是省内几个重度缺水地区之一,近几年来,营口市在农业水资源利用上面临降水量逐年减少,地表和地下水资源持续下降,农业用水量和耗水增长迅速,水污染严重等一系列问题。因此要通过多途径增加农业水资源总量,节约农业用水,防治水污染,加快农业生态建设和水利设施建设等措施提高农业水资源利用效率。     

大庆地区草地退化驱动机制分析

为探讨资源型城市大庆市草地退化驱动机制,找出驱动草地退化的主导因素,为科学保护现有草地资源和有效治理退化草地提供依据和参考.该文在定性描述大庆地区草地退化驱动因素的基础上,运用主成分分析和多元线性回归的方法,选取与草地退化密切相关并比较容易获取的数据作为变量,对大庆地区草地退化的主要影响因素进行了定量分析.根据对草地退化的影响程度,影响因子排序为:畜牧业产值>人口密度>油井个数>总人口>大牲畜存栏>人均居住面积>GDP>工业产值>盐碱、沙化.并且根据大庆地区1988—2001年不同退化程度草地的面积与驱动因子建立多元线性回归模型,对不同退化程度草地面积变化的驱动机制进行了分析.结果表明,不合理的人类活动与石油开采加工的工业化进程占用大量草场是大庆地区草地退化的主要驱动因素,决定着草地生态系统逆向演替的总体趋势.最后根据以上分析提出大庆地区草地退化的防治措施.     

电场处理油葵种子对其萌发期水分胁迫敏感性的影响

用不同电场强度处理油葵种子15min,以PEG(聚乙二醇)模拟水分胁迫,测定电场处理对种子萌发期抗旱性的影响.结果表明:在0～6.0kV/cm场强范围,不同电场强度,对种子水分胁迫的敏感性的影响程度不同.随着电场强度的增加,种子敏感性以振荡关系变化.适当电场处理条件能够显著地提高种子的吸水率,减轻细胞膜对干旱胁迫的敏感性,从而减小水分胁迫对细胞膜的伤害.提高种子抗旱性最佳电场处理条件的选取与处理时间和电场强度有关.     

The economics of overexploitation

The general economic analysis of a biological resource presented in this article suggests that overexploitation in the physical sense of reduced productivity may result from not one, but two social conditions: common-property competitive exploitation on the one hand, and private-property maximization of profits on the other. For populations that are economically valuable but possess low reproductive capacities, either condition may lead even to the extinction of the population. In view of the likelihood of private firms adopting high rates of discount, the conservation of renewable resources would appear to require continual public surveillance and control of the physical yield and the condition of the stocks.     

Ice sheet and solid Earth influences on far-field sea-level histories

Previous predictions of sea-level change subsequent to the last glacial maximum show significant, systematic discrepancies between observations at Tahiti, Huon Peninsula, and Sunda Shelf during Lateglacial time (approximately 14,000 to 9000 calibrated years before the present). We demonstrate that a model of glacial isostatic adjustment characterized by both a high-viscosity lower mantle (4 x 10(22) Pa s) and a large contribution from the Antarctic ice sheet to meltwater pulse IA (approximately 15-meters eustatic equivalent) resolves these discrepancies. This result supports arguments that an early and rapid Antarctic deglaciation contributed to a sequence of climatic events that ended the most recent glacial period of the current ice age.     

The elemental composition of asteroid 433 eros: results of the NEAR-shoemaker X-ray spectrometer

We report major element composition ratios for regions of the asteroid 433 Eros imaged during two solar flares and quiet sun conditions during the period of May to July 2000. Low aluminum abundances for all regions argue against global differentiation of Eros. Magnesium/silicon, aluminum/silicon, calcium/silicon, and iron/silicon ratios are best interpreted as a relatively primitive, chondritic composition. Marked depletions in sulfur and possible aluminum and calcium depletions, relative to ordinary chondrites, may represent signatures of limited partial melting or impact volatilization.