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991.
San-José Miriam Arroyo-Rodríguez Víctor Jordano Pedro Meave Jorge A. Martínez-Ramos Miguel 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(5):1069-1080
Landscape Ecology - Landscape structure can affect seed dispersal, but the spatial scale at which such effect is maximized (scale of effect, SoE) is unknown. We assessed patterns and predictors of... 相似文献
992.
993.
为建立一种能快速预测发酵麦麸还原性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的定量分析模型,本研究以发酵麦麸为样本,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸比色法(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)和BCA蛋白浓度测定法分别测定样品的还原性糖和可溶性蛋白含量;利用近红外光谱技术(Near infrared spectrum instrument, NIR)结合偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares regression, PLS),比较预处理方法、最佳波长及主成分因子的决定系数R2,建立发酵麦麸还原性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的NIR快速检测定量模型。结果表明:1)发酵麦麸还原性糖定量模型的预处理方法使用一阶导数 (First derivative, FD)+二阶导数 (Second derivative, SD)+标准正态变换 (Standard normal variate, SNV),光谱范围为908~1 670 nm ,主因子数为7时,模型效果最优,其决定系数Rc2为0.904 8,校正均方根误差(Square error corrected, SEC)为1.576 1,相对分析误差(Relative percentage difference, RPD)为3.240 8;外部验证集决定系数Rp2为0.954 9且还原糖活性成分的验证集样本的测定值与NIR光谱预测值的P值为0.959 5>0.05。2)发酵麦麸可溶性蛋白定量模型的预处理方法使用一阶导数 (First derivative, FD)+二阶导数 (Second derivative, SD)+标准正态变换 (Standard normal variate, SNV),光谱范围为908~1 670 nm ,主因子数为10时,模型效果最优,其决定系数Rc2为0.938 2,校正均方根误差(Square error corrected, SEC)为2.003,相对分析误差(Relative percentage difference, RPD)为4.021 9;外部验证集决定系数Rp2为0.994 4,且可溶性蛋白活性成分的验证集样本测定值与NIR光谱预测值的P值为0.901 9>0.05。综上,建立的NIR光谱定量模型稳定性和准确性较好,且预测准确度良好,可用于快速预测发酵麦麸样品的还原性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。 相似文献
994.
995.
Agricultural systems with grazing animals are increasingly under scrutiny for their contribution to quality degradation of waterways and water bodies. Soil type, climate, animal type and nitrogen (N) fertilisation are contributors to the variation in N that is leached through the soil profile into ground and surface water. It is difficult to explore the effect of these factors using experimentation only and modelling is proposed as an alternative. An agro-ecosystem model, EcoMod, was used to quantify the pastoral ecosystem responses to situational variability in climate and soil, choice of animal type and N fertilisation level within the Lake Taupo region of New Zealand. Factorial combinations of soil type (Oruanui and Waipahihi), climate (low, moderate and high rainfall), animal type (sheep, beef and dairy) and N fertilisation level (0 or 60 kg N/ha/yr) were simulated. High rainfall climates also had colder temperatures, grew less pasture and carried fewer animals overall which lead to less dung and urinary N returned. Therefore, even though a higher proportion of N returned ultimately leached at the higher rainfall sites, the total N leached did not differ greatly between sites. Weather variation between years had a marked influence on N leaching within a site, due to the timing and magnitude of rainfall events. In this region, for these two highly permeable soil types, N applied as fertiliser had a high propensity to leach, either after being taken up by plants, grazed and returned to the soil as dung and urine, or due to direct flow through the soil profile. Soil type had a considerable effect on N leaching risk, the timing of N leaching and mean pasture production. Nitrogen leaching was greatest from beef cattle, followed by dairy and sheep with the level of leaching related to urine deposition patterns for each animal type and due to the amount of N returned to the soil as excreta. Simulation results indicate that sheep farming systems with limited fertiliser N inputs will reduce N leaching from farms in the Lake Taupo catchment. 相似文献
996.
997.
Ionic-strength and pH effects on the sorption of cadmium and the surface charge of soils 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Two Oxisols (Mena and Malanda), a Xeralf and a Xerert from Australia and an Andept (Patua) and a Fragiaqualf (Tokomaru) from New Zealand were used to examine the effect of pH and ionic strength on the surface charge of soil and sorption of cadmium. Adsorption of Cd was measured using water, 0.01 mol dmp?3 Ca(NO3)2, and various concentrations of NaNO3 (0.01–1.5 mol dm?3) as background solutions at a range of pH values (3–8). In all soils, the net surface charge decreased with an increase in pH. The pH at which the net surface charge was zero (point of net zero charge, PZC) differed between the soils. The PZC was higher for soils dominated by variable-charge components (Oxisols and Andept) than soils dominated by permanent charge (Xeralf, Xerert and Fragiaqualf). For all soils, the adsorption of Cd increased with an increase in pH and most of the variation in adsorption with pH was explained by the variation in negative surface charge. The effect of ionic strength on Cd adsorption varied between the soils and with the pH. In Oxisols, which are dominated by variable-charge components, there was a characteristic pH below which increasing ionic strength of NaNO3 increased Cd adsorption and above which the reverse occurred. In all the soils in the normal pH range (i.e. pH>PZC), the adsorption of Cd always decreased with an increase in ionic strength irrespective of pH. If increasing ionic strength decreases cation adsorption, then the potential in the plane of adsorption is negative. Also, if increasing ionic strength increases adsorption below the PZC, then the potential in the plane of adsorption must be positive. These observations suggest that, depending upon the pH and PZC, Cd is adsorbed when potential in the plane of adsorption is either positive or negative providing evidence for both specific and non-specific adsorption of Cd. Adsorption of Cd was approximately doubled when Na rather than Ca was used as the index cation. 相似文献
998.
M. Vikram Reddy V. P. Kiran Kumar V. Ravinder Reddy P. Balashouri D. F. Yule A. L. Cogle L. S. Jangawad 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1995,19(4):317-321
Earthworms recorded during 1989–1993 across 15 soil management treatments, comprising three different tillagexthree organic amendments (bare, farmyard manure, and rice straw) and six perennial ley treatments, belonged to two endogeic species, Octochaetona phillotti (Michaelsen) and Lampito mauritii Kinberg, while in a nearby undisturbed natural revegetation area three species were found, including the above two and Octonochaeta rosea (Stephenson). The earthworm biomass showed significant temporal and spatial variations and was higher during the post monsoon period than in the early rainy season. No worm biomass was recorded during the dry season. In the tillage and organic amendment treatments, the biomass was drastically reduced from September 1989 to September 1991 after the application of carbofuran and some herbicides, and was significantly reduced during these two years compared to that of 1992. The maximum monthly earthworm biomass ranged between 2.5 and 17.9 g m-2 across the treatments and increased several-fold in the nearby natural revegetation area (75.9 g m-2). It significantly increased in perennial ley treatments compared to annual treatments with organic amendments. Thus the earthworm biomass varied significantly (P<0.01) across the 15 treatments, indicating discernible effects of soil management.Visiting Scientist (under the Rockefeller Foundation Environmental Research Fellowship in International Agriculture) 相似文献
999.
E. C. Spiker R. P. Hosker Jr. V. C. Weintraub S. I. Sherwood 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(4):2679-2685
The dry deposition of gaseous air pollutants on stone and other materials is influenced by atmospheric processes and the chemical characteristics of the deposited gas species and of the specific receptor material. Previous studies have shown that relative humidity, surface moisture, and acid buffering capability of the receptor surface are very important factors. To better quantify this behavior, a special recirculating wind tunnel/environmental chamber was constructed, in which wind speed, turbulence, air temperature, relative humidity, and concentrations of several pollutants (SO2, O3, nitrogen oxides) can be held constant. An airfoil sample holder holds up to eight stone samples (3.8 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick) in nearly identical exposure conditions. SO2 deposition on limestone was found to increase exponentially with increasing relative humidity (RH). Marble behaves similarly, but with a much lower deposition rate. Trends indicate there is little deposition below 20% RH on clean limestone and below 60% RH on clean marble. This large difference is due to the limestone's greater porosity, surface roughness, and effective surface area. These results indicate surface variables generally limit SO2 deposition below about 70% RH on limestone and below at least 95% RH on marble. Aerodynamic variables generally limit deposition at higher relative humidity or when the surface is wet. 相似文献
1000.
Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
D. V. Murphy A. J. Macdonald E. A. Stockdale K. W. T. Goulding S. Fortune J. L. Gaunt P. R. Poulton J. A. Wakefield C. P. Webster W. S. Wilmer 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,30(5-6):374-387
The existence of soluble organic forms of N in rain and drainage waters has been known for many years, but these have not
been generally regarded as significant pools of N in agricultural soils. We review the size and function of both soluble organic
N extracted from soils (SON) and dissolved organic N present in soil solution and drainage waters (DON) in arable agricultural
soils. SON is of the same order of magnitude as mineral N and of equal size in many cases; 20–30 kg SON-N ha–1 is present in a wide range of arable agricultural soils from England. Its dynamics are affected by mineralisation, immobilisation,
leaching and plant uptake in the same way as those of mineral N, but its pool size is more constant than that of mineral N.
DON can be sampled from soil solution using suction cups and collected in drainage waters. Significant amounts of DON are
leached, but this comprises only about one-tenth of the SON extracted from the same soil. Leached DON may take with it nutrients,
chelated or complexed metals and pesticides. SON/DON is clearly an important pool in N transformations and plant uptake, but
there are still many gaps in our understanding.
Received: 10 June 1999 相似文献