Pharmaco-chemical studies on petroselinum Hortense (parsley), grown in Egypt

The pharmacological characteristics of Petroselinum hortense have been studied. It possesses laxative, ecbolic, hypotensive and growth promoting properties. Petroselinum hortense, as shown from its chemical analysis contains: vitamin A (102661.U.) B1(0.17 lmg%), B2 (0,433 mg%), assorbic acid (151 mg%), calcium (129 mg%), phosphorus (26 mg%), iron (6 mg%), chloride (0,41 mg%) protein (3.44 mg%) and carbohydrates (7.42 mg%).

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Zusammenfassung Die pharmakologischen Charakteristiken derPetroselinum hortense sind untersucht worden. Sie besitzt laxative, ekbolische, hypotensive und wachstumsfördernde Eigenschaften. Die chemischen Analysen zeigen: 10266 I.U. Vitamin A.-, 0.171 mg% Vitamin B₁-, 0.433 mg% Vitamin B₂-, 151 mg% Ascorbinsäure-, 129 mg% Kalzium-, 26 mg% Phosphor-, 6 mg% Eisen-, 0.41 mg% Chlorid-, 3.44 mg% Eiweiß- und 7.42 mg% Kohlenhydratgehalt.

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Résumé Les propriétés pharmacologiques du Petroselinum hortense ont été étudiées. Celui-ci possède des propriétés laxatives, hypotensives, ecboliques et stimule la croissance. Du point de vue de l'analyse chimique le Petroselinum hortense contient: vitamine A (10266 I.U.) vitamine B₁ (0.171 mg%) vitamine B₂ (0.433 mg%), calcium (129 mg%), vitamine C (151 mg%), phosphore (26 mg%), fer (6 mg%), chloride (0.41 mg%), protéines (3.44 mg%), glucides (7.42 mg%).

     

EM用于污水灌溉对小白菜产量和土壤肥力的影响

合理的灌溉指标和方法，是污水灌溉安全高效进行的主要保证。在污水灌溉中引入EM技术，以小白菜为研究对象、盆栽试验为手段，研究了在奶牛场废水灌溉条件下，不同灌水下限条件对作物生长和土壤的影响。结果表明，奶牛场废水灌溉不会导致小白菜减产，而且能够增加土壤的速效氮和速效磷，在污水中添加EM进行灌溉，对土壤养分增加的效果更为明显。试验结果还显示70％和80％W间持水量的灌溉下限对污水灌溉较为适宜。但长期灌溉奶牛场废水是否会发生氮、磷的淋溶，污染地下水，还需进一步的研究。     

Simulation of water flow and solute transport in free-drainage lysimeters and field soils with heterogeneous structures

Lysimeters are valuable for studying the fate and transport of chemicals in soil. Large‐scale field lysimeters are used to assess pesticide behaviour and radionuclide transport, and are assumed to represent natural field conditions better than laboratory columns. Field lysimeters are usually characterized by a free‐draining lower boundary. As a result, the hydraulic gradient is disrupted, and leachate cannot be collected until the bottom of the lysimeter becomes saturated. We compared heterogeneously structured, free‐drainage lysimeters and field soils with respect to water flow and solute transport. Numerical simulations were carried out in a two‐dimensional heterogeneous sandy soil under unsaturated water flow conditions with the CHAIN_2D code. Three different soil structures (isotropic, horizontal, and vertical) were generated, and Miller–Miller similitude was used to scale the hydraulic properties of the soil. The results showed that ponding occurs at the bottom of the lysimeter for the three soil structures and that it occurred faster and was more pronounced with the vertical structure (preferential flow effect). Breakthrough curves of a conservative solute (bromide) showed that solutes are moving faster in the field than in the lysimeters. Fewer differences between lysimeters and field soils were found with the horizontal soil structure than with the isotropic and vertical structures.     

Combination of the natural and anthropogenically-controlled conditions for obtaining various rice yield using drip irrigation systems

The possibility to use drip irrigation systems to cultivate rice with periodic irrigation based on the results of the researches carried out in 2013–2015 is shown. The test was conducted on the crops of aerobic rice of the Volgogradskii variety according to the two-factorial scheme, including three variants of the soil water mode with the constant and differentiated preirrigation threshold and soil moistening layer and three variants of macrofertilizer rates calculated for collecting 5, 6, and 7 t of grain from 1 ha. On average for the years of experiments, the rice yield depending on the studied factor changed from 5.13 to 6.87 t/ha at the irrigation rate 4440–6060 m³/ha. To obtain 5 t/ha, 6 t/ha, and 7 t/ha, the irrigation water consumption totaled 1013—959 m³/t, 860–805 m³/t, and 771–716 m³/t. The profitability of rice production according to such technology achieved 57.3–116.5% depending on the yield.     

Infectivity, reproductive capacity and distribution of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis larvae in experimentally infected sheep

Twelve Merino sheep were experimentally shown to be susceptible to infection with Trichinella spiralis or T. pseudospiralis by feeding on infected carcasses of mice or by oral intubation with recovered muscle larvae. The larvae recovered from the sheep showed variable tissue distribution. The diaphragm and tongue were most affected. The viability of the recovered larvae was confirmed by successful passage in mice. The reproductive capacity of T. spiralis in sheep was higher than that of T. pseudospiralis, and also higher than its reproductive capacity in C57BL/6J mice. The reproductive capacity of T. pseudospiralis in sheep at a lower dose was higher than that observed in mice. However at higher doses, it was significantly lower than that in mice. Therefore, it may be concluded that the sheep may be considered a suitable host for both species of Trichinella.     

Variability in reproductive fitness and virulence of four Radopholus similis nematode populations associated with plantains and banana (Musa spp.) in Uganda

Burrowing nematodes (Radopholus similis) are among the most serious nematode pests affecting banana and plantain (Musa spp.). In Uganda, bananas, which are known locally as “matooke”, are the main staple. Radopholus similis populations collected in four banana-growing locations (Namulonge, Mbarara, Ikulwe and Mukono) were cultured monoxenically on carrot discs, and we compared the variability in reproductive fitness and virulence (as a function of time and inoculum level) of different populations of R. similis from Uganda. Their level of pathogenicity was determined by assessing the nematode reproductive ratio; that is, final population divided by the initial population. These in vitro experiments showed that the R. similis population from Mbarara had the highest reproduction ratio, while the population from Mukono had the lowest reproduction ratio. This assessment along with pathogenicity experiments on host Musa plants provides a means for defining pathogenicity groups among R. similis populations.     

Screening Musa germplasm for resistance to burrowing nematode populations from Uganda

Nematode pathogenicity experiments on Musa host plants were carried out in pot trials. Both the final nematode population densities and percentages root necrosis on different host plants were higher for the Radopholus similis population from Mbarara than for the populations from Namulonge, Ikulwe and Mukono (Uganda). The R. similis population from Mbarara managed to break the resistance of the diploid banana Pisang Jari Buaya, a known worldwide source of resistance to R. similis. The diploid banana hybrid TMB2× 9128-3 and the triploid dessert banana Yangambi km5 showed resistance against the four R. similis populations. These results indicate that differences in pathogenicity among different R. similis populations exist and should be taken into consideration for plantain and banana germplasm enhancement.     

Fractionated Extracts From Gnidia kraussiana (Malvales: Thymeleaceae) as Bioactive Phytochemicals for Effective Management of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Stored Vigna unguiculata (Fabales: Fabaceae) Seeds

One of the most important global problems is protecting food from insect pests. The negative effects of synthetic insecticides on human health led to a resurgence of interest in botanical insecticides due to their minimal ecological side effects. Therefore, the insecticidal potential of hexane, acetone, and methanol extracts of Gnidia kraussiana Meisn roots at 1 and 5g/kg, and neem seed oil (NSO), used as standard insecticide, were evaluated. Ovicidal and larvicidal toxicity was tested by treating freshly laid eggs and larvae at different immature stages of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) (L.) Walp seed damage and weight loss were assessed after a storage period of 4 mo. Repellency effects were detected in choice test using a linear olfactometer. All the fractions were toxic to C. maculatus; however, their bioactivities were inversely correlated with products polarity. Extracts proved to be more toxic than the commercial NSO. The acetone extract was more effective against immature stages of C. maculatus than the methanol extract; eggs, first-, and second-instar larvae being the more susceptible. No cowpea seed damage and weight loss were recorded from the seeds treated with hexane and acetone extracts at the dosage of 5 g/kg, after 4 mo of storage. Extracts evoked stronger repellency effects compared with the tested standard insecticide. According to the above, hexane and acetone extracts are good candidates for incorporation in integrated pest management programs for the control of C. maculatus in stored cowpea seeds.