Molecular mapping of Asian soybean rust resistance in soybean landraces PI 594767A,PI 587905 and PI 416764

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most serious diseases of soybean. The soybean landraces PI 594767A, PI 587905 and PI 416764 previously showed high levels of resistance to a wide range of ASR fungus, while the genetic basis of the resistance has yet to be understood. In this study, the ASR resistance loci were mapped using three independent mapping populations, POP‐1, POP‐2 and POP‐3 derived from crosses BRS184 × PI 594767A, BRS184 ×  PI 587905 and BRS184 × PI 416764, respectively. In each population, the resistance to ASR segregated as a single gene, but the resistance was dominant in PI 594767A and PI 587905 and incompletely dominant in PI 416764. The resistance genes from both PI 594767A and PI 587905 were mapped on chromosome 18 corresponding to the same location as known resistance locus Rpp1. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis performed on POP‐3 identified the putative ASR resistance locus in PI 416764 on the defined region of chromosome 6 where Rpp3 was located. The QTLs detected by the mapping explained about 67–72% of the phenotypic variation in POP‐3. Cluster analysis based on disease reactions to 64 ASR populations demonstrated the presence of at least two types of functional resistant Rpp1 alleles: strong and weak allele(s), e.g. soybean accession PI 594767A and PI 587905 carry the strong resistant Rpp1 allele(s). Introducing or pyramiding strong Rpp1 allele(s) in elite soybean cultivars is expected to be useful against the South American rust population.     

Stock assessment and management for walleye pollock in Japan

We review the stock assessment strategies and management procedures for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in Japan. In Japan, walleye pollock is classified into 4 stocks. Because biological data, fishing conditions, etc. are different for each stock, the stocks are assessed by different methods. Harvest strategies aiming at stock recovery are proposed for the Northern Japan Sea stock and the Nemuro Strait stock, which are currently in poor condition. For the Japanese Pacific stock and the Southern Okhotsk Sea stock, which are in good condition, harvest strategies for current fishery operations are proposed. In Japan, fisheries co-management has traditionally been carried out, and in recent years a total catch limitation system called the total allowable catch, a resource recovery plan, and a resource management plan have also been implemented. Although a plan is devised that accounts for the stock conditions of walleye pollock, it is also necessary to consider socioeconomic factors, ecosystem factors, and so on. However, we consider that the main focus of stock management for walleye pollock will still be maintaining fishing pressure at an appropriate level, which includes regulating fish size and price during the fishing season.     

Gambusia holbrooki,the ‘tadpolefish’: The impact of its predatory behaviour on four protected species of European amphibians

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Characterization of Japanese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia solani</Emphasis> AG-2-1 isolates using rDNA-ITS sequences,culture morphology,and growth temperature

Rhizoctonia solani AG-2-1 is classified into three subsets (Subsets 1–3) based on the rDNA-ITS sequence. Few Japanese isolates, however, have been phylogenetically analyzed. To understand the distribution and diversification of AG-2-1 isolates in Japan, we examined 23 Japanese AG-2-1 isolates (15 from Hokkaido, the northernmost island, and eight from NARO Genebank) in terms of rDNA-ITS sequences, culture morphology, and temperature-dependent growth characteristics. Of these, 15 isolates were found to belong to Subset 1. One isolate, which formed a light brown colony with concentric rings and grew slowly at 25 °C, was classified into Subset 2. Six isolates had varied culture morphology and relatively faster growth than Subset 1 isolates at 30 °C. They formed a clade on the phylogenetic tree, designated clade HK, with cauliflower isolates from Belgium and the Netherlands, with a bootstrap value of 47%, and were separate from the three known subsets. Sequence similarity in the rDNA-ITS region for this clade ranged from 98.2 to 100%, whereas clade HK isolates had 96.7–98.6% similarity with the isolates in each subset. This result suggests that clade HK is likely an independent intragroup within AG-2-1, although the rDNA-ITS sequences in this clade were variable. One isolate was not assignable to any clade because it was intermediate between isolates in clade HK and Subset 2. This is the first report describing variation among rDNA-ITS sequences of Japanese AG-2-1 isolates.     

Optimal gate operation of a main drainage canal in a flat,low-lying,agricultural area using a tank model

Chiyoda basin is located in Saga Prefecture in Kyushu Island, Japan, and lies next to the tidal compartment of the Chikugo River to which the excess water in the basin is drained away. Chiyoda basin has a total area of about 1,100 ha and is a typical flat and low-lying paddy-cultivated area. The main problem in this basin is the appropriate operation of drainage structures during and after flood events in order to minimize the inundation damages for crop yield and to fulfill the irrigation requirement in the irrigation period. This paper presents a mathematical model of a drainage system in Chiyoda basin for calculating the flood inundation and optimizing the operation of gates in a main drainage canal. First, the algorithm of gate operation was simulated and the drainage model was then evaluated by comparing the simulated water levels with those observed during an actual rainfall event. The results show that the observed and simulated water levels are in good agreement, indicating that the proposed model is applicable for drainage and inundation analyses in flat, low-lying paddy-cultivated areas. Second, the optimization of gate operation was investigated by trial and error method using a stochastic rainfall time series with a return period of 30 years and the tidal conditions of spring and neap tides in the Chikugo River. Comparing a total inundation time, a total inundation area and maximum inundation depth in the paddy tanks at the upstream and the downstream ends, it was concluded that the present operation based on the gate operators’ experience was almost the optimal one, and the sooner start of opening operation and the later start of closing operation within the operationality of check gates were recommended to minimize the inundation damage. The present operation could be able to minimize the total inundation time, the total inundation area and the maximum inundation depths in paddy tanks and to meet fully both the drainage and the irrigation requirements.     

Effect of swaying motion of floating vegetation on wind-induced entrainment phenomenon in closed water body

When floating vegetation grows on the water surface in a closed water body, the vegetation counteracts the magnitude of the wind acting on the water surface, and affects the fluid flow and the water quality variation in it. In this study, in order to investigate the counteraction effect of the luxuriant growth of floating vegetation on the fluid flow and water quality in the closed water body, we conducted hydraulic experiments on wind-induced flow with density stratification using a wind tunnel test tank and imitated vegetation. We used imitated vegetation made from polystyrene foam plates instead of using real floating vegetation. And we experimentally considered the effect of the vegetation using the concept of the wind-induced entrainment phenomenon. In particular, we focused the effect of the occupation rate and the swaying motion of vegetation. The results indicated that the swaying motion of imitated floating vegetation had an effect on the scale of entrainment. In addition the results had the same tendency as the previous study on the wind-induced entrainment phenomenon.