Characterizing the soil moisture regime of a Typic Haplohumod

The saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_sat) of 22 spodic horizons with and without a thin iron pan, were measured in situ with a new technique, using large, carved-out columns, encased in gypsum. Measured infiltration rates and pressure heads above and below the spodic horizons allowed calculation of K_sat, which averaged 8 cm d^?1. Flow rates averaged 32 cm d^?1, however, due to a hydraulic head gradient across the spodic horizon of 4 cm cm^?1. Occurrence of a thin iron pan in the spodic horizon did not affect its K_sat-value. The measured high flow rates exclude the occurrence of perched watertables. Lateral flow of water, forming surface ponds in local depressions, was due to surface runoff, rather than to lateral movement of perched water: surface ponding of water occurred also in soils in which the spodic horizon had been mixed by tillage.     

Current and historical inputs of mercury to high-latitude lakes in Canada and to Hudson Bay

Sediment cores collected from several lakes in northern Canada have been analyzed for mercury and several other chemical contaminants. Sites ranged from the Experimental Lakes Area of northwestern Ontario, north to Cornwallis Island, and west to the southern Yukon. Cores were sliced at sites of collection and individual slices were freeze dried and analyzed for Pb-210 and Cs-137 to estimate average time intervals of deposition. The earliest date estimated by Pb-210 was about 1850, and mercury concentrations in some lakes were clearly increasing before then, assuming no vertical movements of mercury within the sediments. Extrapolation of dates downward to deeper slices, assuming a constant sedimentation rate, indicated that in some lakes mercury inputs increased slowly even in the 1500's, more rapidly after 1750, and more rapidly yet over the current century. These increases are interpreted as increased fluxes of mercury to the lakes as a result of long-range transport of atmospheric mercury, since there are no local industrial sources of mercury. Slices taken near the bottom of a core are taken to estimate the geological component while elevations in excess of that in surface slices are taken to represent contamination from fallout. This partitioning suggests that sediments in the eastern Northwest Territories are dominated by pollution, while those from the western Northwest Territories are influenced more by their geological settings. Two cores from Hudson Bay suggest that mercury is increasing there too, but has not yet exceeded geological sources. Mercury shows little or no tendency to decline in the most recent slices; indicating that inputs of mercury remain at or near their historical maxima. Given relatively high and continuing inputs of mercury to northern lakes it seems likely that some portion of that mercury may find its way into the food chain, hence the long-term prospect is for increasing levels of mercury in northern fish.