如何训练犬"后退"及"爬梯"

训练犬后退,就是使犬根据主人的口令和手势,向后退步. 　　口令:“退“. 　　手势:左臂成“L“形,掌心面向犬,手掌有节奏地前后摆动.……     

病害动物及其产品无害化处理程序探讨

动物检疫员在产地检疫、屠宰检疫环节中．动物防疫监督人员在日常监督检查中，经常会发现病害动物、动物产品，相当多的检疫监督人员在对病害动物、动物产品进行无害化处理时，不出具任何文书，直接进行无害化处理．事后甚至没有记录，在病害动物、动物产品无害化处理程序上存在很多问题，如果货主提起行政诉讼，那动物防疫监督机构就面临着败诉的危险．笔者现就病害动物、动物产品无害化处理程序谈谈自己的看法。     

不同处理玉米日粮对黄牛血液指标的影响及相关性分析

选用3头装有永久瘤胃瘘管的云南黄牛,饲喂5种含不同加工处理(粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压、蒸汽压片)玉米的日粮,在精粗比为50:50的条件下,采用3×5不完全拉丁方设计,测定黄牛血液中血糖和尿素氮浓度以研究含不同处理玉米的日粮对黄牛血液指标的影响。试验结果表明,饲喂粉碎、粉碎蒸汽、干碾压、湿碾压及蒸汽压片5组处理玉米日粮2h后各组血糖出现显著差异(P0.05),大小依次为蒸汽压片干碾压粉碎蒸汽湿碾压粉碎玉米日粮组,与干碾压、粉碎蒸汽、湿碾压、粉碎玉米日粮组相比,蒸汽压片玉米日粮组血浆葡萄糖含量提高0.28、0.52、0.85、11.13mmol/l。饲喂后6h,粉碎蒸汽玉米日粮组血浆尿素氮浓度最高,显著高于粉碎、干碾压、湿碾压及蒸汽压片4组日粮(P0.05),蒸汽压片玉米日粮组尿素氮浓度最低。经相关性分析,瘤胃液中丙酸比例、血液中的葡萄糖水平及沉积氮与可消化氮之比间均存在显著正相关,回归方程为Y=0.237X+0.4586(Y:葡萄糖,X:丙酸,R2=0.8552);Y=21.608X-275.96(Y:RN/DN,X:丙酸,R2=0.9067);Y=81.235X-277.67(X:葡萄糖,Y:RN/DN,R2=0.8417)。     

Fine mapping of a calving QTL on Bos taurus autosome 18 in Holstein cattle

Decreased calving performance not only directly impacts the economic efficiency of dairy cattle farming but also influences public concern for animal welfare. Previous studies have revealed a QTL on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 18 that has a large effect on calving traits in Holstein cattle. In this study, fine mapping of this QTL was performed using imputed high‐density SNP chip (HD) genotypes followed by imputed next‐generation sequencing (NGS) variants. BTA18 was scanned for seven direct calving traits in 6113 bulls with imputed HD genotypes. SNP rs136283363 (BTA18: 57 548 213) was consistently the most significantly associated SNP across all seven traits [e.g. p‐value = 2.04 × 10^?59 for birth index (BI)]. To finely map the QTL region and to explore pleiotropic effects, we studied NGS variants within the targeted region (BTA18: 57 321 450–57 625 355) for associations with direct calving traits and with three conformation traits. Significant variants were prioritized, and their biological relevance to the traits was interpreted. Considering their functional relationships with direct calving traits, SIGLEC12, CD33 and CEACAM18 were proposed as candidate genes. In addition, pleiotropic effects of this QTL region on direct calving traits and conformation traits were observed. However, the extent of linkage disequilibrium combined with the lack of complete annotation and potential errors in the Bos taurus genome assembly hampered our efforts to pinpoint the causal mutation.     

Effect of Different Concentrate-roughage Ratios on Rumen Degradability of Cassava Stems and Leaves Total Mixed Ration in Goat

The rumen degradations of TMR were studied in this experiment,in which cassava stems and leaves were used as roughage and formulated with concentrate in different proportions.The purpose of this study was to formulate the available TMR for finishing goat,and provide a theoretical basis for the applications of cassava stems and leaves in goat production.Six Hainan Black goats with permanent rumen fistulas were selected,the rumen degradabilities of DM,CP,NDF and ADF of TMR with 6 different concentrate to forage ratio（2:8,3:7,4:6,5:5,6:4 and 7:3）were tested using nylon bag method.The results showed that,the DM effective degradabilities at the ratio of 4:6,5:5,6:4,7:3 were significantly higher than that of 2:8 and 3:7（P<0.05).CP effective degradabilities at the ratio of 2:8,3:7,4:6 were significantly higher than that of 5:5,6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The NDF effective degradation at the ratio of 5:5 was significantly higher than that in the other groups（P<0.05).The ADF degradation at the ratio of 3:7 was significantly higher than that of 4:6,5:5, 6:4 and 7:3（P<0.05).The results indicated that,the nutrient degradation in rumen were higher when the concentrate to forage（cassava stems and leaves）ratio in TMR were 3:7,4:6 and 5:5,and the recommended ratio range were 4:6 to 5:5 in production practice.     

HIV－1gag基因重组痘苗病毒的构建和高效表达

Ｇａｇ蛋白是人Ⅰ型免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ－１）重要的结构蛋白，可诱导机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答。本试验将ＨＩＶ－１不同长度的长末端重复序列（ＬＴＲ）和全长的ｇａｇＯＲＦ置于痘病毒启动子控制下，经过同源重组、红细胞吸附试验筛选和间接免疫荧光试验鉴定，分离了６株重组痘苗病毒。免疫印迹（Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ）和免疫酶试验检测表明，６株病毒均能表达ｇａｇ基因，其中以ｖ１６ＬＧ△２的Ｇａｇ蛋白表达量最高，占细胞裂解物上清的５．１９％，相当于１４．７μｇ／１０６细胞，接近杆状病毒的表达产量。重组蛋白主要为ｐ５５ｇａｇ蛋白前体，但也有一部分被加工，生成成熟蛋白ｐ２４ｇａｇ、ｐ１７ｇａｇ及其中间蛋白。表达的重组蛋白可形成病毒样粒子（ＶＬＰ），并可诱导小鼠产生抗Ｇａｇ蛋白抗体     

传统技术与现代分子生物学技术在瘤胃微生物多样性方面的研究

在反刍动物的瘤胃内存在着复杂、多样、非致病的各种微生物,包括瘤胃原虫、瘤胃细菌和厌氧真菌,还有少数噬菌体。从1843年Gubry和Delaford在反刍动物瘤胃内发现微生物起,到20世纪初,由于受到研究条件和技术的局限性,许多研究工作者主要对微生物的形态分类进行研究（Hungate,1966）。20世纪70年代以来,电子显微镜在微生物研究领域的应用使得人们对瘤胃微生物的研究除了可以进行形态观察外,还可对其生长所需的营养要求、环境条件和生长特性进行深入的研究。     

气味丰容对几种蛇类行为影响实验

2010年3月～11月,在成都动物园两爬馆饲养展出蛇类中选取了缅甸蟒、缅甸白蟒、加州王蛇和三色乳蛇等进行了不同气味丰容实验并对气味丰容前后蛇类自主活动行为进行观察比较。其中对缅甸白蟒和缅甸蟒均采用了兔子血、茶叶包进行气味丰容;对加州王蛇和三色乳蛇均采用了小白鼠、茶叶包进行气味丰容。实验结果表明,通过不定期采用不同气味对蛇类进行丰容刺激,可以显著改善蛇类的自主活动情况,从而提高蛇类的观赏展示效果,也有利于改善蛇类的健康状况。气味丰容方案可以在其他蛇类的饲养展出中进行推广应用。     

浅谈重大动物疫病损失补偿制度

重大动物疫病损失补偿是指政府利用公共资源(包括政府行政资源和其他社会资源)对在防控、扑灭重大动物疫病过程中受损的畜禽养殖、加工、流通等企业、个体业主及相关环节实施补偿的行为。我国畜牧业总体规模较大,畜禽养殖种类多,饲养条件复杂,集约化养殖程度低,抗风险能力弱,一旦发生和流行重大动物疫病,极易形成重大损失,对畜牧业生产造成巨大破坏,影响社会和谐稳定。因此,实行重大动