Acute and chronic disability among U.S. farmers and pesticide applicators: the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a multipurpose household survey of the U.S. civilian non-institutionalized population conducted annually since 1957. From 1986 to 1994, over 450,000 U.S. workers, age 18 years and older, participated in a probability sampling of the entire non-institutionalized U.S. population; variables collected included a range of measures of acute and chronic disability. The objective of the present study was to assess predictors of health status, and acute and chronic disability for farmers and pesticide applicators (pesticide-exposed workers) compared to all other U.S. workers using the 1986-1994 NHIS. After adjustment for sample weights and design effects using SUDAAN, several measures of acute and chronic disability and health status were modeled with multiple logistic regression. Farmers (n = 9576) were significantly older compared to all other U.S. workers (n = 453,219) and pesticide applicators (n = 180). Farmers and pesticide applicators had a higher proportion of males, whites, and Hispanics and were less educated. After adjusting for age, gender, race-ethnicity, and education, compared to all other workers, farmers were significantly less likely to report acute and chronic disability and health conditions, while pesticide applicators were more likely to report chronic disability, health conditions, and poor health. Given the cross-sectional nature of the data and the significant job demands of farming, both leading to a relative healthy worker effect, the present results indicate that at any point in time, farmers report less acute and chronic disability, compared to other U.S. workers, whereas pesticide applicators report similar or poorer health.     

生物质气化尾气CO_2联合微波重整甲苯制备合成气

该文以甲苯为焦油模型化合物,利用生物质焦炭诱导其转化合成气,探讨加热方式和通入CO2对甲苯转化的影响。结果表明:同等工况下,微波加热(microwave heating,MH)下甲苯转化率高于常规加热(electrical heating,EH),甲苯转化率最大差值为15.58%。通入CO2可促进甲苯转化,MH和EH下分别在CO2流量为80和40 m L/min达到最高转化率93.73%和82.13%。引入CO2可调控甲苯定向制备合成气,且对生物质焦炭造成碳损耗。损耗碳可转化合成气,且CO2通入量越高,其贡献越大。MH下合成气最大产率为173.66 m L/min,为裂解反应的5.68倍。甲苯裂解率持续降至49.0%,之后趋于稳定。甲苯重整转化率维持较高水平,140 min后开始减弱,同时合成气收率平缓降低。该文研究结果对高效利用焦油和减排CO2有借鉴意义。     

基于深度图像和生猪骨架端点分析的生猪步频特征提取

为高效提取生猪的行走快慢特征,以微软公司Kinect作为图像采集设备,采集生猪运动深度图像序列。在对各帧深度图像进行骨架提取、剪枝的基础上,采用基于路径相似性骨架图匹配法确定生猪前后肢骨架端点,进一步以骨架端点所属骨架枝子集像素值特征判定端点远近侧属性。以生猪前后肢远、近侧端点的帧间相对坐标变化建立了生猪运动模型,提出了通过帧间坐标变化点集拟合正弦曲线计算生猪行走完整步的方法。最后,通过计算序列完整步与序列采集时间长度比值提取生猪步频特征。通过对采集的28个生猪运动深度图像序列及其镜像序列共56个图像序列进行的试验,表明该文提出方法的正确率达到82.1%。该项研究对于开展生猪异常步态分析,进一步建立生猪多源特征融合的计算机视觉异常监测系统,提高生猪异常行为预警可靠性具有重要意义。     

基于土壤水盐阈值的河套灌区玉米灌水制度

在引黄水量大幅减少且大范围实施节水工程的条件下,为使农田水土环境仍能保持良性健康发展,该文以内蒙古河套灌区隆胜试验区为研究对象,开展引黄灌区玉米生育期适宜灌水决策模拟研究。在田间试验的基础上,对土壤含水率和土壤含盐量的观测数据进行了统计分析,土壤含水率与含盐量观测值均呈中度变异性。利用克里格插值方法按土壤表层盐分空间变异将研究区分为南北2个区,分别在2个区域内建立了土壤水盐数值模型SWAP,分别对2个区域的土壤水盐模型进行了率定与检验。根据相关研究结果和研究区多年实测值综合得到不同生育期的农田生态安全阈值,即土壤含水率的适宜值与作物耐盐阈值(以土壤含盐量阈值表示)。以土壤含水率与土壤含盐量阈值为限制因子,以节水控盐为目的,利用率定与检验后的SWAP模型模拟了不同灌水量条件下玉米不同生育阶段的土壤含水率、含盐量变化,预测了不同水文年满足玉米生长的土壤水盐安全阈值的用水方案,从精细微观的角度提出相应水文年农田水土环境安全用水范围值。基于SWAP模型的决策结果:枯水年(降雨量90 mm)安全用水量为263~311 mm;平水年(降雨量140 mm)198~227 mm;丰水年(降雨量200 mm)106~138 mm;各水文年的用水量较基准年(枯水年)的节水指数分别为:0.01~0.17、0.04~0.16和0.06~0.27。成果可为当地及相近地区农田水土环境可持续发展提供科学依据,对于河套灌区农业生产和水资源的开发利用具有重要的意义。     

移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

皖北平原蒙城县农田土壤有机碳空间变异及影响因素

以皖北平原典型农业生产大县亳州市蒙城县为代表,运用统计学、地统计学方法和GIS技术研究了其农田耕作层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳(SOC)含量的空间分布及其影响因子。结果表明:研究区SOC含量为10.41±2.52 g kg-1,近30年来提高了55.61%,SOC变异系数为24%,属于中等变异程度。SOC含量在空间分布上表现为东北部、中部和西南部含量高,由西北向东南先逐渐增加后逐渐降低,变异程度较高。整个县域范围内SOC空间变异的主要影响因素为土壤机械组成(粉粒和砂粒含量),其次为秸秆还田。     

集约化猪场液体饲料自动饲喂系统研究

集约化猪场微生物发酵液体饲料具有猪胃的pH值,抑制猪肠胃有害菌群的繁衍,激活内外源酶的作用,促进猪对饲料的消化和营养吸收能力。液体饲料自动饲喂系统在双MCS-80C31的控制下,根据饲料原料的各种营养成分和猪生长对其需要量,自动计算、采集饲料原料将其送人计量混合罐内,并在其中完成可控的精量均匀混合、发酵过程,MCS- 80C31根据不同猪群组的饲喂曲线,自动计算、投喂育肥猪需要饲喂的液体饲料重量。试验表明:液体饲料饲喂育肥猪能使育肥猪群的平均饲料转化率比干配合饲料饲喂改善6．77％,育肥猪群的平均日增重提高9．33％,效果显著。     

Effects of climate factors and soil properties on soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry across the Huang–Huai–Hai River Basin,China

Purpose

Soil nutrients, elemental stoichiometry, and their associated environmental control play important roles in nutrient cycling. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry, especially potassium and its associative elemental stoichiometry with other nutrients under different land uses in terrestrial ecosystems; (2) to discuss the impacts of climate factors, soil texture, and soil physicochemical properties; and (3) to identify the key factors on soil nutrient levels and elemental stoichiometry.

Materials and methods

Soil data, including pH, bulk density (BD), cation exchange capacity (CEC), volumetric water content (VMC), clay, silt and sand contents, total carbon (TC), nitrogen (TN), phosphorous (TP) and potassium (TK), available nitrogen (AN), phosphorus (AP), potassium (AK), and soil organic matter (SOM) under different land-use types, were collected, and their elemental stoichiometry ratios were calculated. Climate data including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, and evapotranspiration were collected. The least significant difference test and one-way analysis of variance were applied to investigate the variability of soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry among land-use types; the ordinary least squares method and the general linear model were used to illustrate the correlations between soil nutrients, elemental stoichiometry, and soil properties or climate factors and to identify the key influencing factors.

Results and discussion

Woodlands had the highest SOM, TN, AN, and AK contents, followed by grasslands, croplands, and shrublands, while the TP and TK contents only varied slightly among land-use types. SOM, TN, AN, N/P, and N/K were strongly negatively correlated to soil pH (p <?0.05) and were strongly positively correlated to soil CEC (p <?0.05). For soil texture, only C/N was moderately negatively correlated to silt content but moderately positively correlated to sand content (p <?0.05). For climate factors, SOM, TN, AN, N/P, and N/K were significantly negatively correlated to evapotranspiration and temperature (p <?0.05), and the correlations were usually moderate. Soil pH explained most of the total variation in soil nutrients, and climate factors explained 5.64–28.16% of soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry (except for AP (0.0%) and TK (68.35%)).

Conclusions

The results suggest that climate factors and soil properties both affect soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry, and soil properties generally contribute more than climate factors to soil nutrient levels. The findings will help to improve our knowledge of nutrient flux responses to climate change while also assisting in developing management measures related to soil nutrients under conditions of climate change.

     

黄土高原半干旱地区刺槐人工林密度与地上生物量效应

 以黄土高原半干旱地区的山西省方山县人工刺槐林为对象,采用树干解析与称重法,设立标准地对10个不同密度人工刺槐林进行了生长与生物量调查,分析密度对单木和林分生物量的效应。结果表明:18年刺槐林分的地上现存生物量与测树指标D2H和D有很好的相关性,其中树干和叶的生物量与D2H关系密切,而枝条生物量与D关系密切。刺槐单木总生物量及各部分生物量都是密度的幂函数,但是对林分而言,低密度林分和高密度林分的总生物量都比较高,而处于中间密度林分的生物量较低;林分现存总生物量也呈同一趋势。从总生物量来说,林分的水分利用效率与密度不存在线性关系,但是其干材的水分生产效率是随着密度降低而增加的,反映出不同密度水分利用效率的经济价值不同。     

入渗水矿化度对土壤水盐运移影响的试验研究

合理开发利用咸水和微咸水资源已成为当今世界各国关注的热点问题。为了分析微咸水矿化度、水量及土壤初始条件等因素对土壤水盐运移的影响，采用土柱在室内进行了微咸水入渗试验。该文分析了入渗水矿化度对入渗过程的影响，分析了盐分的分布特征，建立入渗水矿化度和土壤总盐量之间的数学模型，总结了土壤剖面的盐分运移规律。分析结果表明：入渗水矿化度的增加可增大土壤的入渗能力，入渗水的矿化度在1～5 g/L时，土壤积盐量随入渗水矿化度增加而增大；不同矿化度的水入渗后，土壤表层含水率基本相近，接近饱和含水率。