早熟丰产机采棉品种Z1146选育及栽培技术

本文介绍了优质、丰产、早熟机采棉品种Z1146的选育过程、生物学特性、产量表现、纤维品质、抗病性及栽培技术要点。     

Effects of microwave drying on the contents of functional constituents of Eucommia ulmoides flower tea

In order to make male flower tea of Eucommia ulmoides, this paper systematically investigated the effects of microwave drying, a newly emerging drying method, on the contents of functional constituents contained in the flower (such as total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, aucubin and geniposidic acid) from the aspects of microwave output power and time of treatment. A comparison was conducted in the view of tea quality between microwave drying and conventional drying methods used in tea manufacturing, such as pan baking drying and oven ventilation baking drying. The results indicated that microwave drying method could maximally maintain the functional constituents. Further comparison on sensory quality showed that by microwave drying mode, the shape of the stamens of the flower was intact, the color was greenish, the liquor of the flower tea was fresh with strong Eucommia male flower flavor.     

Deferoxamine Compensates for Decreases in B Cell Counts and Reduces Mortality in Enterovirus 71-Infected Mice

Enterovirus 71 is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease in children under six years of age. No vaccine or antiviral therapy is currently available. In this work, we found that the number of B cells was reduced in enterovirus 71-infected mice. Deferoxamine, a marine microbial natural product, compensated for the decreased levels of B cells caused by enterovirus 71 infection. The neutralizing antibody titer was also improved after deferoxamine treatment. Furthermore, deferoxamine relieved symptoms and reduced mortality and muscle damage caused by enterovirus 71 infection. This work suggested that deferoxamine has the potential for further development as a B cell-immunomodulator against enterovirus 71.     

我国南方大豆地方品种农艺和品质性状的遗传参数分析

由南方13省区的3769份夏大豆地方品种按省分层随机抽样而得的143份材料组成地方群体;由20份南方夏大豆推广品种及品系组成改良群体,在南京两年三重复试验表明,南方地方群体主要特点是晚熟(132.56天),秆较矮(58.05cm),中粒(14.34g/100粒),底荚高(18.47cm),分枝中等(3.86),产量低(1199.25kg/ha),蛋白质含量高(43.73％)、脂肪含量中等(20.19％)。该群体农艺和品质性状具有丰富的遗传变异,并由5％相对遗传进展特点将45个性状分为,GSI:极大(>40％);GSⅡ:大(40％—10％);GSⅢ:中等(10％—5％);GSⅣ:一定(<5％)等四类,其中GSⅠ、GSⅡ类多属产量、生育期、粒茎比、株高、百粒重等农艺性状,GSⅢ、GSⅣ类多属蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组分、脂肪含量等品质性状。     

利用农田表层(0～20cm)有机碳估算1m土体有机碳的可靠性

<正>土壤有机碳(SOC)是近年来全球变化研究的热点之一,表层(0~20cm)和1m土体的SOC是评估农田SOC的两个重要指标[1]。很多研究利用第二次土壤普查资料来估算农田SOC[2-6],一些研究已表明近20年来我国耕作土壤,尤其是表层(一般为0~20cm)的SOC基本呈增加的趋势[5-8],这与秸秆还田、有机肥与化肥合理施用以及少(免)耕技术推广有关[9-10]。但由于农田SOC,至少是表层SOC,是     

Distribution of carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates and soil stability under long-term manure application in solonetzic soils of the Songnen plain,northeast China

Purpose

Excessive exchangeable sodium and high pH significantly decrease soil structural stability and permeability. Long-term application of cattle manure is an important management practice that can affect water-stable aggregates (WSAs), as well as aggregate stability and distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in solonetzic soils.

Material and methods

Experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising five treatments according to the cattle manure application history: corn (Zea mays) with manure applied for 1, 5, 12, and 17 years were used as the experimental treatments and corn without manure application was used as a control. Soil properties, including WSAs, mean weight diameter (MWD), and SOC and TN concentrations in bulk soils and WSAs, were measured across all treatments. The relationships among the measured soil attributes were determined using stepwise regression analysis.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that micro-aggregates mainly accumulated in soils without manure application, while manure application significantly increased macro-aggregates formation. MWD was highest when manure was applied to the soil for 1 year, decreased after 5 years, and increased again after 12 years. SOC and TN concentrations in bulk soils and WSAs increased with the number of years of manure application, with the highest concentrations observed for 17 years in bulk soils. Stepwise regression analysis showed that WSAs 2–5 mm, SOC in WSAs 0.25–0.5 mm, and TN in WSAs 0.1–0.25 mm were dominant independent variables affecting aggregate stability, and that SOC in WSAs 0.25–0.5 mm and TN in WSAs <0.1 mm were dominant independent variables affecting SOC and TN concentrations in bulk soils, respectively.

Conclusions

Long-term application of manure to a solonetz significantly increased macro-aggregates and aggregate stability as well as SOC and TN in bulk soils and all aggregate sizes. These results are likely related to binding agent production as well as C and N accumulation from manure application.     

1969-2018年黄河实测径流与天然径流的变化

[目的] 分析黄河实测径流与天然径流的变化规律,为探究人类活动对径流的影响提供依据。[方法] 基于1969—2018年黄河干流8个水文站的天然径流和实测径流数据,使用Mann-Kendall趋势检验与突变检验法,对比分析近50 a黄河干流实测径流和天然径流的变化规律。并结合近15 a各分区耗水数据探讨人类活动对于径流的影响。[结果] ①1969—2018年黄河上中下游实测径流整体呈降低趋势,兰州、花园口、利津3个代表站多年平均降低速率分别为5.10×10⁷,3.55×10⁸,4.13×10⁸ m³/a。②近50 a天然径流和实测径流趋势突变主要集中在1986和1990两个年份,结合前人研究和重要水事分析,1986年突变可能与1984年以来一系列水土保持措施实施以及1986年龙羊峡水库修建有关;而造成1990年径流突变的原因可能是80—90年代黄河流域用水量激增和流域下垫面改变。③天然径流与实测径流的差值从上游至下游水文站断面逐渐增大,这主要与近15 a平均耗水量也沿程增大相一致;另外多年平均实测径流在利津站仅占天然径流的42%。耗水量最大的两个分区为花园口以下和兰州—头道拐段,分别达到了1.06×10¹⁰和1.04×10¹⁰ m³。[结论] 人类活动中的各项耗水（尤其是农田灌溉）是造成兰州站以下地区天然径流与实测径流差值大的主要原因,因此,应进一步推进黄河流域节水农业的发展,合理分配各项耗水量。     

利用机器视觉与近红外光谱技术的皮蛋无损检测与分级

为了对优质蛋、次品蛋和劣质蛋这3种皮蛋进行检测及分级,该文应用机器视觉结合近红外光谱技术,研究利用皮蛋凝胶品质无损检测的分级方法。首先采集皮蛋透射光图像,提取18个图像颜色特征值,然后将所提取的18维特征利用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)进行降维,对PCA降维后的3个主成分建立遗传算法优化支持向量机(genetic algorithm-support vector machine,GA-SVM)分级模型,把皮蛋样本分为两大类:可食用蛋(优质蛋与次品蛋)与不可食用蛋(劣质蛋),劣质蛋测试集识别率为100%。然后在机器视觉分类结果的基础上,利用近红外光谱技术获取可食用蛋(优质蛋与次品蛋)的原始光谱,并进行多元散射矫正(multiplicative scatter correction,MSC),利用竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)降维提取特征波长,基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)对特征波长变量建立分级模型,区分出优质蛋与次品蛋,优质蛋测试集识别率为96.49%,次品蛋识别率为94.12%。研究结果表明:基于机器视觉和近红外光谱进行皮蛋凝胶品质无损检测分级是可行的。     

基于物联网的生猪运动行为及猪舍环境远程监控系统

In intensive and large-scale livestock breeding, how to evaluate welfare of each individual effectively has become one hotspot of welfare breeding.In this study, a remote monitor system based on computer vision technology and wireless sensor networks was proposed.In the system, pig videos in the piggery were captured by IP cameras and transmitted remotely to PC systems for objects tracking and trajectory extraction, and the piggery environmental data such as temperature, humidity and harmful gases were collected by wireless sensor networks(WSN) nodes.Traditional Camshift tracking algorithm was improved.The average root mean square errors of traditional and improved algorithm were 78.07 and 32.29, indicating the improved algorithm reduced error and improved tracking stability.The results of the real-time monitoring of environmental parameters by WSN showed that the hydrogen and ammonia concentrations, and the ambient temperature were all kept in the normal range, while the carbon dioxide concentration was exceeded, and the air humidity was slightly high.Through data mining, precise welfare monitoring and breeding management were realized.     

体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重

土壤含水率直接测量是相关研究和应用的基础,在土壤力学、作物栽培、农田灌溉、生态环境等研究和实践中十分重要。该文提出了一种与传统烘干称质量法相当的体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重。该方法在假设一定土壤颗粒密度的前提下,用一定体积的标准取样环刀取得土样后,通过向待测量土体补充水分使土壤达到饱和,用一定体积的水置换土壤中的充气空隙,直到土样达到饱和状态;再通过测量得到的初始/原始土样质量、饱和后土壤的质量以及已知土壤颗粒密度和水密度,计算得到被置换的充气空隙的体积,进而由此计算得到土壤质量含水率和土壤容重。采用3种不同土壤,即陕西杨凌黏黄土、北京粉壤土和江西黏红土,分别预配制成7种不同初始土壤体积含水率,含水率约为:风干土(含水率2%～3%)、5%、10%、15%、25%、30%和饱和含水率,以及3种不同土壤容重:1.25、1.35和1.45g/cm3进行室内试验。用类似的土样,采用传统方法烘干土样8、12、24、48h后,测量确定土壤的质量含水率,通过延长烘干时间测得数据表明,传统方法烘干8h所测得的质量含水率仍有1%～3.2%的含水率误差。最终试验结果表明体积置换方法测得的土壤含水率比传统烘干土样8h所测得的结果大2%～3%,比烘干土样48h所测得的结果大1%左右。体积置换方法测量操作过程简单,耗时较少,节约能源,测量结果具有较高精度。