木纳格葡萄种子发育过程中生理生化指标变化特性

【目的】分析与白木纳格葡萄败育相关的生理生化指标。【方法】以红木纳格葡萄种子、白木纳格葡萄正常发育种子和败育种子作为研究对象,研究2种葡萄的果实及种子生长发育过程中的大小外观指标、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性及CAT活性6种生理指标,研究白木纳格葡萄种子败育的时期及相关影响因子。【结果】白木纳格葡萄的种子败育表现在43d前已经出现,可溶性蛋白含量与种子败育呈显著负相关,可溶性糖含量、MDA含量、POD活性、SOD活性及CAT活性与种子败育相关性未达到显著水平。【结论】白木纳格葡萄种子的败育时期在盛花后37～43 d,可溶性蛋白含量是影响木纳格葡萄种子发育的主要理化指标。     

大型电子投票表决系统通信协议的设计与实现

利用保险精算方法,将期权定价问题转化为纯保费确定问题,根据股票价格过程的实际概率测度推导出了无风险利率为常数时,固定执行价格下回望看涨期权定价公式,验证了当标的资产的期望收益率等于无风险利率时,保险精算定价和风险中性定价的一致性.最后通过实例分析了保险精算价格和风险中性价格的差异,并利用Matlab编程得到了保险精算价格与标的资产期望收益率之间的关系.     

Detection and Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Avirulence Genes AVR-Pib,AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t in Heilongjiang Province

【Objective】The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution and variation mechanism of avirulence genes AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t in Magnaporthe oryzae strains from different regions and years in Heilongjiang Province, to understand the pathogenic phenotypes of different avirulence gene alleles, and to provide a reference for utilization and distribution of resistance cultivars in Heilongjiang Province.【Method】Based on the avirulence gene sequences published in NCBI, specific primers were designed to amplify full length and the coding sequence (CDS) regions of three genes, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, 335 M. oryzae strains in different regions of Heilongjiang Province were collected and isolated, and their DNA was PCR-amplified using avirulence genes primers and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products with different band patterns and from representative strains of different regions were selected for sequencing. The sequencing results were compared with the corresponding avirulence gene sequences for base and amino acid. The pathogenic phenotype of M. oryzae strains with different variant types was determined based on the rice resistance to single-gene lines.【Result】The specific bands of AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t were detected in PCR detection and appeared in different distribution frequencies and mutation types, indicating that these 3 avirulence genes were all distributed in Heilongjiang Province. The average amplification frequency of the 3 avirulence genes was 75.52%, 87.16% and 85.67%, respectively. Among them, 4 types of band (bandless, high band, mid to high band and low band) of AVR-Pib were detected by electrophoresis analysis and 5 variant types AVR-Pib (1-1, 1-2, 2, 3, 3-1) were detected by PCR product sequencing. The genotypes AVR-Pib-1-1, AVR-Pib-1-2, AVR-Pib-2 and AVR-Pib-3-1 are newly discovered variant types, of which genotypes AVR-Pib-1-1 and AVR-Pib-1-2 are insertions of transposon Pot2 but with different insertion sites. The genotype AVR-Pib-2 has a small fragment insertion in the upstream of CDS region. The genotype AVR-Pib-3-1 base sequence has 4 differences from the original sequence, namely 32 (C/G) 35 (T/A) 36 (T/A) 38 (T/A), and the amino acid translation was terminated prematurely. Pathogenic analysis showed that except for the normal genotype AVR-Pib-3, the other alleles lost their avirulence functions. Seven AVR-Pik alleles (D, A, B, C, E, F, F2) were detected after PCR product sequencing, and the alterations in the nucleotide sequences of these alleles all resulted in amino acid missense mutations. The 7 AVR-Pik alleles have been reported previously. The avirulence gene AvrPiz-t was analyzed by electrophoresis and sequencing of PCR products, and 2 types of band (high band and normal band type) and 4 genotypes of AvrPiz-t (A, B, C, D) were revealed. Among them, AvrPiz-t-A is the original genotype, while AvrPiz-t-B has a base A insertion at position 191, causing premature termination of amino acid translation. Genotype AvrPiz-t-C is a newly discovered allelic type, characterized by the presence of a nucleotide variation at position 17 (T/C) and the insertion of base C at position 19 compared with type A, leading to the frameshift mutation and premature translation termination. The high band type avirulent genotype AvrPiz-t-D was sequenced and verified as having an insertion of the Pot3 transposon. Rice single-gene lines infection showed that the strains with AvrPiz-t-A were avirulent to Piz-t line due to Piz-t recognition, whereas the strains with AvrPiz-t (B, C, D) were virulent to Piz-t line due to lost the ability recognized by Piz-t.【Conclusion】The avirulence genes AVR-Pib, AVR-Pik and AvrPiz-t of M. oryzae in Heilongjiang Province are widely distributed and the types of variation are abundant. The results of this study can provide a reference for breeding and popularizing rice cultivars with corresponding disease-resistance genes.     

30年生不同生长势杉木的胸径和树高的生长动态

采用树干解析法获取3种不同生长势（优势木、中庸木、被压木）杉木的胸径、树高生长数据,利用ForStat的生长曲线模拟杉木的胸径模型和树高模型,结果表明,Richards生长曲线是分析杉木胸径和树高的适宜生长曲线;3种不同生长势的杉木胸径生长曲线和树高生长曲线均呈“S”状曲线,有较高的相关性。     

白龙江中游千枚岩出露区泥石流生态修复原理与技术集成

白龙江中游千枚岩出露区泥石流分布集中、暴发频繁、灾害严重,生态修复难度大。分别从该区社会经济、气候、地质角度阐述了泥石流生态修复的难点;从水土互相作用与泥石流流体结构、土体与土体结构、沟谷地貌、坡面形态、泥石流沟流域形态揭示了泥石流发育机制,以及植被在其中的作用机制。分析了传统水平台型整地与竹樊保持水土技术、植苗与微圃植树法造林技术、传统造林树种选择与生态公益植被物种选择技术、常规混交造林与毒—刺混交植被植物种类配置模式等4组基本技术的优缺点及其适用范围,分别确定了生态公益植被与经济利用植被的营建技术。最后,根据研究区地貌分异特点和当地社会经济状况,将泥石流沟分为清水区、泥石流形成区、经济利用区、道路工程影响区4个功能单元,分别论述生态修复技术,有机结合新技术与传统技术集成为泥石流生态修复技术体系。     

不同施肥水平对茶条槭生长及光合生理特性的影响

盆栽试验研究了N、P二要素对茶条槭组培苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着氮肥、磷肥水平的提高,植株的株高、地径都有所增加,根冠比减小,光合产物向茎叶转移;适量施用氮、磷肥有助于提高植株的光合作用以及水分利用率。     

磷水平对新牧1号苜蓿苗期根系形态和植株生长的影响

【目的】研究磷水平对苜蓿根系形态和植株生长的影响,为苜蓿耐低磷机制的研究提供理论依据。【方法】在水培条件下,分析6种磷：0μmol/L(P₁),50μmol/L(P₂),100μmol/L(P₃),250μmol/L(P₄),500μmol/L(P₅),1 000μmol/L(P₆)水平对新牧1号苜蓿苗期根系性状、植株生长及养分积累的影响。【结果】随磷水平增加,根冠比显著降低(P<0.05),生物量先增加后减少,除P₄、P₅处理下株高无显著(P<0.05)差异外,其他各处理间均存在显著(P<0.05)差异,P₄处理下株高最高,为9.37 cm; P₂供磷水平下总根长、根表面积与根冠比均达到最大,分别为281.75 cm、20.78 cm²、1.13;6种磷水平下,地下部氮、磷、钾积累量均大于地上部积累量,P₅...     

芦笋热烫介质的选择及工艺优化研究

[目的]对比选择适合芦笋的热烫介质并优化热烫工艺.[方法]以新鲜绿芦笋为原料,对水、油、水油3种常见的热烫介质进行对比研究,选择最佳热烫介质.在单因素试验的基础上,分别以芦笋的抗氧化活性、干物质溶出率及感官性状为指标,通过k（34）正交设计优化芦笋热烫的工艺条件.[结果]试验表明,水油为芦笋的最佳热烫介质,且芦笋热烫的最佳工艺条件为：水油比12∶1 ml/ml,料液比1∶3 g/ml,在100℃下烫制2min.在此条件下,芦笋的抗氧化活性最高,色泽最好,且食用品质达到最佳水平,干物质溶出率为1.28％.[结论]以水油为热烫介质的芦笋适宜于加工各种菜肴,且研究可为指导人们合理烹调提供理论依据.     

黄土高原旱地小麦覆膜增产与氮肥增效分析

【目的】研究覆膜栽培条件下黄土高原旱地冬小麦产量形成规律和氮肥吸收运移特征,为旱地小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2012-2016年在晋南黄土旱塬冬小麦种植区,通过农户模式（FP）、农户施肥+垄膜沟播模式（RFSF1）、监控施肥+垄膜沟播处理（RFSF2）和监控施肥+全膜覆土穴播处理（WFFHS）4种不同栽培模式,具体分析不同施肥和覆膜措施互作对黄土旱塬冬小麦产量形成、地上部氮素积累转移、土壤硝态氮残留以及土壤氮素平衡的影响。【结果】试验期间,农户模式冬小麦平均产量为3 367 kg·hm^-2,通过监控施肥覆膜种植,平均产量可提升至4 491 kg·hm^-2,监控施肥对籽粒产量形成的贡献率为14.8%,监控施肥和覆膜协同贡献率达24.7%-42.1%。黄土旱塬冬小麦产量形成主要取决于公顷穗数,其次是千粒重。WFFHS处理因其合理的群体构建和良好水肥条件具有最高公顷穗数、千粒重和籽粒产量,平均分别为581×10⁴穗/hm²、44.3 g和4 785 kg·hm^-2。从地上部氮素转运看,冬小麦地上部吸收氮素的花后转运量与生物产量和经济产量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.959^**和0.960^**。农户模式小麦籽粒中3/4氮素来源于花前营养器官的转移,1/4氮素来源于花后根系土壤吸收。通过监控施肥覆膜种植可显著提高花前营养器官氮素向籽粒的转移量,其转运贡献率在81.4%-88.8%。从土壤氮素残留看,长期过量施氮已导致黄土旱塬麦田土壤硝态氮在1 m 土层的累积,累积量在100 kg·hm^-2 以上,20-60 cm土层为累积峰值。经过连续4年种植,农户模式2 m土壤硝态氮累积量达277 kg·hm^-2,较2012年播前增加了87.7%,其中75%的硝态氮集中在0-120 cm 土层,监控施肥覆膜种植处理2 m土壤硝态氮累积量较2012年播前仅增加15.7%-24.2%。试验期间土壤残留硝态氮有随降水向下淋移的趋势,表现为2016年收获期各处理在120-200 cm土层较2012年播前有10.2%-133.7%的增幅。从4年土壤氮平衡角度总体评价,土壤残留氮素具有一定后效作用,各处理氮肥表观利用率在28.8%-56.7%,氮肥表观残留率在12.1%-28.9%,氮肥表观损失率在31.2%-49.6%。监控施肥覆膜种植可减少土壤氮表观损失量和土壤残留量,增加氮表观矿化量。其中WFFHS处理更大程度上利用了历年土壤残留硝态氮和有机质的矿化氮,具有相对低的氮素表观残留率（12.1%）和氮素表观损失率（31.2%）以及相对高的氮素表观利用率（56.7%）。【结论】全膜覆土穴播监控施肥种植可更好地改善土壤水肥供应条件,更大程度利用历年土壤残留硝态氮,增加地上部氮素积累量、积累氮素向籽粒的转移贡献率,构建合理群体,最终获得显著的增产效应和较高的氮素利用效率,是黄土高原冬小麦区有效的栽培措施。     

培矮64S的主效不育基因的光敏不育特性研究

 培矮 64S是由光敏核不育水稻农垦 5 8S作不育基因供体转育而成的 ,但其育性表现为较强的温度敏感性。从培矮 64S与常规稻品种农垦 5 8杂交后代 F2 中获得了典型的光敏雄性不育株 ,其可育株与不育株比例为 3∶ 1;证明控制培矮 64S育性的主效基因仍属光敏核不育基因。笔者在分析后认为 ,光敏核不育基因的高效表达对其所在的遗传背景有高度依赖性 ,在光敏核不育系选育中 ,在注重获得主效光敏不育基因的同时 ,还要注重对其高效表达的遗传背景的选择与改造。在利用克隆的光敏核不育基因进行分子育种时也要高度重视对转基因亲本遗传背景的选择