亚洲型舞毒蛾幼虫寄主选择与龄期关系初探

舞毒蛾是一种世界性的害虫,常被分为欧洲型和亚洲型2种类型,欧洲型舞毒蛾在传入美国之后造成了巨大危害。之前报道指出亚洲型舞毒蛾的寄主范围比欧洲型舞毒蛾的广,故造成的危害和损失更大,北美植物保护组织据此对中国的高风险港口实施了船舶特别检疫措施,对我国的进出口贸易产生了巨大影响。鉴于此,本实验以16种北美和中国常见的行道树种和绿化树种作为供试树种,分析了不同寄主植物对亚洲型舞毒蛾生长发育指标的影响规律。结果表明:饲喂白桦、加杨和糖槭的幼虫可以完成生活周期。饲喂杜松、女贞、大叶黄杨、红皮云杉、合欢、杂交鹅掌楸、马尾松、黑松和白皮松的幼虫在2龄以前全部死亡。虽然2龄以前幼虫饲喂北美乔松、油松和柿树后死亡率较高,但用人工饲料将幼虫饲养至4龄以后再替换饲喂以上3种植物,幼虫的死亡率则显著下降。分析表明,亚洲型舞毒蛾低龄幼虫(1、2龄)的寄主选择范围要窄于高龄幼虫(4龄以后的幼虫)。     

大街乡烤烟主要病虫害及综合防治措施

通过病虫害防治提高烟叶中、上等比例,提高烟叶产量、产值,达到烤烟增产增收的目的.     

中美油气管道从业人员资格认证标准差异分析

管道从业人员资格认证措施是减少人为失误造成事故的重要方法之一,相关标准是管道运营的基本依据。梳理了现行中美两国长输管道从业人员资质认证标准,对比分析了二者的主要内容、适用范围、培训与评定程序、技能要求、培训要求、资格评定等方面的差异,结果表明:美国相关标准在培训与评定程序等方面更加科学先进,可操作性强,培训内容和周期要求明确,有利于从业人员不断提高技术水平,保障管道安全运行。建议我国管道企业参考国外标准制定类似标准,以弥补管道从业人员资格认证工作的不足。     

Evaluating strawberry breeding selections for postharvest fruit decay

Fruit from the annual replicated yield assessments for the USDA-ARS strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) breeding program at Beltsville, MD, 2007 and 2008, were evaluated for postharvest decay development after storage at 5 °C. Generalized linear genotype × year mixed model analysis of covariance with overdispersed binomial distribution, logit link function, and Laplace optimization method was used to determine the relationships between postharvest proportion decay and storage period (SP), season’s harvest number (HN), and genotype-specific harvest number through the season; conditioned on the confounding of harvest with SP. To determine if limiting analyses to replicates (plot × harvest combinations) with a minimum number of berries would increase statistical precision, concurrent analyses were conducted using data from replicates with more than: zero, three, and six berries. Limiting data to genotypes for which more than three or more than six berries could be evaluated, resulted in loss of data and reduced statistical power. Within the range of SP observed, 13–19 days, consistency among genotypes of the linear relationship between SP and logit postharvest proportion decay, unless strongly influenced by a confounded harvest effect, indicated all SP in the range tested provided equivalent ability to discern genotypes. The significant genotype × HN interaction effect indicated maximizing the number of harvests was preferable to limiting to a few “informative” harvests. The significant genotype × year interaction effect indicated the decision to release a genotype as a cultivar will demand multiple years of evaluation. Making determinations each year to discard genotypes or use them as parents for postharvest quality was best facilitated by the simple process of calculating arithmetic genotypic means for each harvest date separately, charting the results, and using the charts to visually assess genotypic performance trends across harvests.     

甘蔗伸长期氮肥不同施肥时间对产量及品质的影响

甘蔗高产高糖受品种、环境和栽培等综合因素作用。本试验旨在探索甘蔗伸长期氮肥不同施肥时间对产量及品质的影响。试验表明,甘蔗伸长期合理的施肥方式有利于提高产量和品质,甘蔗伸长期氮肥以7月1日施尿素15kg/667m2,7月21日施尿素15kg/667m2的施肥方式最佳。     

不同钝化剂配施硫酸锌对石灰性土壤中镉生物有效性的影响研究

为了降低轻度镉(Cd)污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性以确保农产品安全,以低吸收豆类蔬菜(豇豆)作为供试植物,通过田间试验研究了在轻度Cd污染(Cd1.5 mg·kg-1)石灰性土壤中施加赤泥、油菜秸秆、玉米秸秆、赤泥+油菜秸秆等钝化处理并配施硫酸锌肥料对土壤中Cd的生物有效性的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,不同钝化处理可显著(P＜O.05)降低豇豆豆角中Cd浓度和土壤中可溶态Cd浓度;钝化处理条件下豇豆豆角中Cd浓度降低了27％(玉米秸秆)～83％(赤泥+油菜秸秆).在施加钝化剂的基础上,配施硫酸锌肥料可进一步降低豇豆对Cd的吸收,各钝化处理在配施锌肥后,豇豆豆角中Cd平均浓度与未施锌肥相比降低了27％.对不同作物秸秆而言,富含巯基的油菜秸秆比富含纤维素的玉米秸秆钝化效果好.由此可见,在轻度Cd污染的石灰性土壤中,无机钝化剂赤泥和富含巯基的油菜秸秆复合使用是一种高效且环境友好的钝化手段.同时,合理施用锌肥可能会进一步降低作物对Cd的吸收.     

中国家猪起源机制蠡测

本文重点阐述了我国家猪起源的两种不同动因——提供肉食与用来祭祀,并简要论述了我国猪类驯化的一般过程。     

Earthquake in a maze: compressional rupture branching during the 2012 M(w) 8.6 Sumatra earthquake

Seismological observations of the 2012 moment magnitude 8.6 Sumatra earthquake reveal unprecedented complexity of dynamic rupture. The surprisingly large magnitude results from the combination of deep extent, high stress drop, and rupture of multiple faults. Back-projection source imaging indicates that the rupture occurred on distinct planes in an orthogonal conjugate fault system, with relatively slow rupture speed. The east-southeast-west-northwest ruptures add a new dimension to the seismotectonics of the Wharton Basin, which was previously thought to be controlled by north-south strike-slip faulting. The rupture turned twice into the compressive quadrant, against the preferred branching direction predicted by dynamic Coulomb stress calculations. Orthogonal faulting and compressional branching indicate that rupture was controlled by a pressure-insensitive strength of the deep oceanic lithosphere.     

污水处理后的陶粒废料改良土壤的机理及农用效果

为探索陶粒废料的农业资源化处置途径,对污水处理后的陶粒废料进行电子显微镜(SEM)观察和 X 射线扫描(XRD)分析,并将陶粒废料(350 g)和土壤(1.2 kg)混合,用于华农2008糯玉米(T1处理)和珍甜1号甜玉米(T2处理)盆栽试验,与未施加陶粒废料的空白对照组 CK1、CK2进行比较,对陶粒废料改良土壤的效果、原理及其对玉米生长的影响进行研究.结果表明:污水处理后的陶粒废料含有碱性物质,表面附着有一定量的磷酸钙水合物、三斜磷钙石和磷酸氢钙钠等含磷矿物;施加陶粒废料能显著提高土壤的 pH 值,显著增加有效磷和全磷含量,其中,T1处理土壤的有效磷含量比 CK1提高27.9%,T2处理较 CK2提高了27.3%;T1处理土壤的全磷含量较CK1提高了17.7%,T2处理的较 CK2提高了14.3%;T1处理玉米的株高比 CK1提高14.5%,茎粗增大16.2%,叶面积扩大75.9%,根长增长17.2%; T2处理玉米的株高比 CK2提高23.6%,茎粗增大24.5%,叶面积扩大64.6%,根长增长24.1%,且更能促进植株的干物质积累     

钾肥对骏枣枣头枝与二次枝抗寒性的影响

以四年生直播密植骏枣树为材料,研究钾肥不同施肥时期和施肥量对枣树枣头枝和二次枝抗寒性的影响.结果表明,增施钾肥在整体上提高了骏枣枝条的抗寒能力,且枣头枝的抗寒性要大于二次枝,在果实膨大期施30kg/667m2的钾肥显著提高了骏枣枝条的过氧化氢酶活性和脯氨酸含量,同时也显著降低了骏枣枝条的丙二醛含量,为钾肥的最佳施肥方案.