Dissecting Genetic Basis of Deep Rooting in Dongxiang Wild Rice

Deep rooting is an important trait in rice drought resistance. Genetic resources of deep-rooting varieties are valuable in breeding of water-saving and drought-resistant rice. In the present study, 234 BC₂F₇ backcross introgression lines were derived from a cross of Dongye 80 (an accession of Dongxiang wild rice as the donor parent) and R974 (an indica restorer line as the recurrent parent). A genetic linkage map containing 1 977 bin markers was constructed by ddRADSeq for QTL analysis. Thirty-one QTLs for four root traits (the number of deep roots, the number of shallow roots, the total number of deep roots and the ratio of deep roots) were assessed on six rice chromosomes in two environments (2020 Shanghai and 2021 Hainan). Two of the QTLs, qDR5.1 and qTR5.2, were located on chromosome 5 in a 70-kb interval. They were detected in both environments. qDR5.1 explained 13.35% of the phenotypic variance in 2020 Shanghai and 12.01% of the phenotypic variance in 2021 Hainan. qTR5.2 accounted for 10.88% and 10.93% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. One QTL (qRDR2.2) for the ratio of deep roots was detected on chromosome 2 in a 210-kb interval and accounted for 6.72% of the phenotypic variance in 2020. The positive effects of these three QTLs were all from Dongxiang wild rice. Furthermore, nine and four putative candidate genes were identified in qRDR2.2 and qDR5.1/qTR5.2, respectively. These findings added to our knowledge of the genetic control of root traits in rice. In addition, this study will facilitate the future isolation of candidate genes of the deep-rooting trait and the utilization of Dongxiang wild rice in the improvement of rice drought resistance.     

高效液相色谱法测定生物胺衍生条件的优化研究

利用荧光检测器（FLD）,采用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对组胺（HIS）、色胺（TRP）、2-苯乙胺（2-PHE）、腐胺（PUT）、尸胺（CAD）、酪胺（TYR）、亚精胺（SPD）和精胺（SPM）8种生物胺（BA）进行测定分析。通过探究丹酰氯（Dns-Cl）质量浓度、反应体系的pH、衍生时间及衍生温度对生物胺衍生反应的影响,确定最优的衍生条件。结果显示,当Dns-Cl的质量浓度为BA质量浓度的10倍、pH 11.0、40℃下避光反应45 min,所有BA均能有效分离。BA的相对标准偏差（RSD）在3%以内,能够满足分析要求。     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

基于水平吸渗确定土壤水分扩散率的解析-修正法

准确测试土壤水分扩散率是研究水分在土壤中运移的关键之一.针对水平吸渗法测试土壤水分扩散率易受边界效应影响的问题,该研究构建解析-修正法,以提高测试结果的精度.假设第一类边界条件下,一维水平入渗Richards方程解的形式与其对应线性化方程的解析解相似,结合常数变易法,推导了一维水平入渗Richards方程的近似解析解....     

基于成本视角的水质水量双向调节生态补偿量研究

[目的]以黄河流域陕西片区为实例进行水质水量双向调节的生态补偿量研究,为解决黄河流域上下游生态权益分配矛盾,实现流域区域间公平发展提供理论依据。[方法]同时考虑成本、价值和奖惩3个方面,以基本补偿标准为基础,采用水质改良系数法和水量贡献度法,构建基于水质水量的补偿标准测算模型开展研究。[结果]黄河流域陕西片区生态补偿量的基本补偿标准为13.74亿元;基于水质、水量调节值分别为-5.66和6.84亿元;2018年陕西省获得生态补偿金额为14.92亿元。[结论]相比以往的测算模型,该模型的测算结果更符合实际情况,同时也更适应于外部环境要素的变化。     

神府煤田土壤颗粒分形及降雨对径流产沙的影响

神府煤田在开发建设过程中造成的扰动地面、弃土体、弃渣体产生了严重的人为水土流失。采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,研究了土壤分形维数及降雨强度对未扰动地面、扰动地面、弃土体及弃渣体径流产沙的影响。结果表明,(1)弃土体、弃渣体随产流历时呈现突增—下降—稳定的过程,扰动地面和未扰动地面则经历上升—稳定的产流过程,各下垫面径流率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(2)各下垫面土壤颗粒分形维数的大小为D1(弃渣体)D2(弃土体)D3(扰动地面)D4(未扰动地面),次降雨径流量与降雨强度、分形维数分别呈显著的线性、幂函数关系,且D1~D2及D3~D4之间存在用以区分下垫面类型的临界分形维数值。(3)弃渣体侵蚀过程线呈先波动后稳定趋势,弃土体则呈多峰多谷特点,扰动地面和未扰动地面在1.0~2.5 mm min-1雨强下侵蚀速率均先增大后逐渐稳定,3.0 mm min-1时二者侵蚀速率则波动剧烈。四种下垫面平均侵蚀速率均随着雨强的增大而增大。(4)次降雨产沙量与降雨强度、分形维数均呈显著的幂函数关系。(5)径流量、产沙量与雨强和分形维数分别呈显著的线性、指数函数关系。分形维数对矿区土壤侵蚀模型的建立有重要的科学意义。     

水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术试验研究

根据水稻种植的农艺要求,在同步开沟起垄水稻精量穴播技术的基础上进一步提出了一种水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术。调查了在不同种植方式条件下不同品种的水稻根系在稻田中的分布情况,根据根系的分布情况研究了深施肥技术参数,确定了深施肥深度以不超过10 cm为宜,研究了培杂泰丰、玉香油占2种品种水稻施入0~5 cm土层与5~10 cm土层中的肥料比例关系。试验结果表明华南农业大学研制的同步开沟起垄侧位深施肥水稻精量穴播机能满足水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术的要求,可以作为实施水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术的载体。生产试验表明:水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术具有增产、节本的效用。在同等的施肥条件下,机械播种及深施肥处理的有效穗、穗平均实粒数、结实率均高于机械播种人工撒施肥和人工撒直播人工撒施肥,增产418.5~957 kg/hm2,增幅5.86%~13.41%。该文研究可为深施肥机具的设计提供参考依据。     

基于低场核磁共振的热风干燥猕猴桃切片含水率预测模型

为研究猕猴桃切片热风干燥过程中水分迁移规律,该试验通过对猕猴桃切片进行热风干燥,考察不同干燥温度(70、80、90℃)、切片厚度(3、4、5 mm)下的干燥特性。试验采用直接干燥法测定含水率,运用低场核磁共振技术(Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR)分析热风干燥过程中猕猴桃切片内部水分分布状态与变化规律,建立动力学模型,验证并预测。结果表明:猕猴桃切片热风干燥开始为外部控制,随后属于内部扩散控制,水分有效扩散系数范围为1.58×10-7～4.18×10-7 m2/s,扩散效率随温度升高而增大。升高温度能显著提高猕猴桃干燥速率,可加快结合水、不易流动水以及自由水的迁移。自由水和结合水先于不易流动水发生变化,自由水含量在干燥前期逐渐下降,此过程中不易流动水和结合水含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。当自由水被脱除后,不易流动水和结合水含量依次达到最大值;此后,随着干燥的进行,不易流动水逐渐被脱除,此时结合水含量开始下降直至干燥结束。整个干燥过程中,猕猴桃切片部分自由水先转化为不易流动水和结合水,结合水与不易流动水相互转化,循环往复伴随整个干燥过程。以干燥过程中的自由水、结合水、不易流动水的核磁峰值总和、切片厚度和干燥温度为自变量,猕猴桃切片含水率为因变量,进行多元线性回归分析,建立含水率预测模型,模型的拟合优度为0.982。结果表明,低场核磁共振技术结合数学模型可用于描述猕猴桃切片热风干燥过程,可实现对猕猴桃切片干燥过程中含水率的快速、无损检测,研究结果可为猕猴桃热风干燥工艺和过程设计提供理论依据。     

菌剂挂膜3D-RBC联合BCO工艺处理养猪沼液废水

针对养猪沼液废水寡营养、高氨氮的水质特征,该研究采用耐高氨氮、适应贫营养生长的异养硝化-好氧反硝化（Heterotrophic Nitrification-Aerobic Denitrification,以下简称HN-AD）菌挂膜启动三维结构生物转盘+生物接触氧化反应器（3D-RBC+BCO）组合工艺对沼液进行处理。该文研究了3D-RBC+BCO组合工艺在真实沼液条件下的启动过程及污染物去除效果,重点考察了溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen,DO）浓度和C/N比2个关键因素对组合工艺污染物去除效果的影响。同时,借助高通量测序技术对DO和C/N比优化过程中微生物群落结构的变化规律进行解析。结果表明：在真实沼液条件下,采用HN-AD菌剂挂膜启动方法,仅用12和18 d就分别完成3D-RBC和BCO反应器的挂膜启动,同时组合工艺对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在94.8%、95.7%和80.1%,出水优于城镇污水厂排放一级B标准。在对3D-RBC反应器DO和C/N比的优化过程中,增设底曝后COD、NH4+-N和TN等指标的去除率分别降低了25.4%、15.4%和15.5%。高通量测序结果显示,增加底曝后3D-RBC盘片生物膜中微生物菌属的数量小幅下降,但HN-AD优势菌属的种类与丰度显著降低,导致脱氮效率下降;贫营养型Acinetobacter、Pseudomonas菌属是3D-RBC可以对真实沼液高效脱氮的关键,提高C/N比会显著降低其丰度,进而影响脱氮效果。     

基于微生物燃料电池供能的无线温度传感系统设计

微生物燃料电池(microbial full cell,MFC)是利用微生物作为生物催化剂将碳水化合物转化为电能的装置。针对MFC输出电压低、功率小、内阻大的特点,该文研制了一种具有最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)功能的能量收集电路和两级升压电路;基于MSP430和CC2500芯片设计了环境温度传感系统。测试结果表明,MFC的输出电压维持在316～390 mV范围内,实现了最大输出功率的跟踪,MPPT电路和升压电路分别输出1.1和3.5 V电压;无线温度传感器以每13ms的周期将环境温度无线传输到远程终端,验证了环境温度传感系统在最大功率点处对无线传感器网络节点供电工作的可行性,可为实现MFC主动式能量收集提供参考。