深圳红火蚁蚁巢密度、社会型研究及防治效果评价

本文报道了深圳红火蚁生境类型与蚁巢密度的关系,社会型的鉴别以及应用茚虫威对多后型和单后型、多后型共存地区的防治效果。红火蚁的蚁巢密度（巢/100 m2）与生境类型密切相关,在所调查的5类生境中,待建地的蚁巢密度最高,为3.81巢/100 m2,公路边的次之,为2.95巢/100 m2,城市绿地的最低,为0.63巢/100 m2。应用多元PCR技术对6个行政区社会型进行鉴别的结果表明,福田、龙岗、南山区为多后型与单后型共存,单后型与多后型的比仅为1∶(3~4)。罗湖、宝安、盐田3区全部为多后型;多后型地区的蚁巢密度（2.2巢/100 m2）比单后型地区（1.9巢/100 m2）的为高,但没有显著差异;应用茚虫威进行防治60 d后的调查结果表明,多后型地区的防治效果（97.8%）比单后型地区（96.7%）的要好,但没有显著差异。最后,本文对这些结果产生的原因及应用价值进行了讨论。     

植原体基因组学研究进展

植原体（phytoplasma）是一类重要的植物病原细菌, 可经叶蝉、飞虱等昆虫介体传播, 感染1 000多种植物, 产生丛枝、黄化、韧皮部黑斑坏死等症状, 给农业、林业生产带来巨大的损失。本文对植原体基因组学研究的历史、现状及当前植原体效应蛋白等方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

亚洲型舞毒蛾幼虫寄主选择与龄期关系初探

舞毒蛾是一种世界性的害虫,常被分为欧洲型和亚洲型2种类型,欧洲型舞毒蛾在传入美国之后造成了巨大危害。之前报道指出亚洲型舞毒蛾的寄主范围比欧洲型舞毒蛾的广,故造成的危害和损失更大,北美植物保护组织据此对中国的高风险港口实施了船舶特别检疫措施,对我国的进出口贸易产生了巨大影响。鉴于此,本实验以16种北美和中国常见的行道树种和绿化树种作为供试树种,分析了不同寄主植物对亚洲型舞毒蛾生长发育指标的影响规律。结果表明:饲喂白桦、加杨和糖槭的幼虫可以完成生活周期。饲喂杜松、女贞、大叶黄杨、红皮云杉、合欢、杂交鹅掌楸、马尾松、黑松和白皮松的幼虫在2龄以前全部死亡。虽然2龄以前幼虫饲喂北美乔松、油松和柿树后死亡率较高,但用人工饲料将幼虫饲养至4龄以后再替换饲喂以上3种植物,幼虫的死亡率则显著下降。分析表明,亚洲型舞毒蛾低龄幼虫(1、2龄)的寄主选择范围要窄于高龄幼虫(4龄以后的幼虫)。     

二点委夜蛾形态特征及生物学特性

二点委夜蛾是近年来我国夏玉米上发现的一种新害虫,目前在我国玉米产区有加重为害和成灾的趋势。为便于田间准确识别该虫、调查其发生为害规律以及掌握其主要生物学特性,在室内对二点委夜蛾不同发育阶段的形态特征和主要生物学特性进行了系统观测。结果表明,在温度为(26±1)℃、相对湿度70%左右、光周期L14 h∥D10 h、人工饲料饲养条件下,二点委夜蛾卵期平均为4.25 d;幼虫一般为5龄,幼虫期平均为18.28 d;蛹期平均为7.69 d,蛹重平均可达75.77 mg;成虫产卵前期平均为3.29 d,产卵可持续9.13d,平均每雌产卵量为305.3粒,最多产500粒,最少132粒。雌雄蛾平均寿命分别为14.75 d和18.88 d。整个世代发育历期约为33.35 d。     

补充营养对二点委夜蛾成虫生殖与寿命的影响

为明确补充营养对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)的影响,通过室内试验研究了5%蜂蜜水、5%葡萄糖水及蒸馏水3种补充营养处理对其成虫生殖与寿命的影响。结果表明,补充营养对二点委夜蛾成虫生殖和寿命均有显著影响。经5%蜂蜜水处理的雌蛾产卵历期最长,为7.17d,平均单雌产卵量最高,为248.23粒;经5%葡萄糖水处理的雌蛾产卵历期、平均单雌产卵量与5%蜂蜜水处理均无显著差异;经蒸馏水处理的雌蛾产卵历期最短,为5.53 d,平均单雌产卵量最低,为162.13粒,显著低于5%蜂蜜水;3种补充营养处理间雌蛾产卵前期、交配率、交配次数和卵孵化率均无显著差异;经蒸馏水处理的雄蛾寿命显著低于其它处理。研究表明,补充营养主要对二点委夜蛾成虫的产卵历期、产卵量和雄蛾寿命有影响,是影响其种群动态的重要因素。     

保幼激素类似物对红火蚁的作用研究进展

我国发现红火蚁已有4年,但防治技术、产品依然匮乏。为了改善、提高我国红火蚁的防治技术水平,本文就保幼激素类似物(JHA)对红火蚁的作用表现和防治效果进行了总结分析。JHA可以造成蚁后卵巢萎缩、产卵量减少,导致发育畸形和蚁群等级比例失调,如工蚁数量减少、生殖型幼虫比例以及处女蚁后数量增加等,并最终导致整个蚁群死亡。JHA杀虫剂活性高、低残毒、对环境污染小,在田间防治红火蚁效果彻底,并可有效地防止防治区红火蚁种群的再入侵（re invasion）,但JHA毒饵也存在着防治效果缓慢等问题。本文就克服此类问题作了初步的探讨。     

Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and healthOA

Direct-fed microbials(DFMs) are feed additives containing live naturally existing microbes that can benefit animals’ health and production performance. Due to the banned or strictly limited prophylactic and growth promoting usage of antibiotics, DFMs have been considered as one of antimicrobial alternatives in livestock industry.Microorganisms used as DFMs for ruminants usually consist of bacteria including lactic acid producing bacteria,lactic acid utilizing bacteria and other bacterial groups,...     

Identification,Characteristics and Function of Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in the Agar Biosynthesis and Carbon Flux in the Agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta)

Agar is widely applied across the food, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, owing to its various bioactive functions. To better understand the agar biosynthesis in commercial seaweed Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, the activities of four enzymes participating in the agar biosynthesis were detected, and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) was confirmed as highly correlated with agar accumulation. Three genes of PGM (GlPGM1, GlPGM2 and GlPGM3) were identified from the G. lemaneiformis genome. The subcellular localization analysis validated that GlPGM1 was located in the chloroplast and GlPGM3 was not significantly distributed in the organelles. Both the GlPGM1 and GlPGM3 protein levels showed a remarkable consistency with the agar variations, and GlPGM3 may participate in the carbon flux between (iso)floridoside, floridean starch and agar synthesis. After treatment with the PGM inhibitor, the agar and floridean starch contents and the activities of floridean starch synthase were significantly decreased; products identified in the Calvin cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were depressed; however, lipids, phenolic acids and the intermediate metabolites, fructose-1,6-phosphate were upregulated. These findings reveal the essential role of PGM in regulating the carbon flux between agar and other carbohydrates in G. lemaneiformis, providing a guide for the artificial regulation of agar accumulation.     

油茶炭疽菌携带病毒种类鉴定及多样性分析

 炭疽菌是重要的植物病原真菌,能够引起多种植物炭疽病。真菌病毒广泛存在于植物病原菌中,侵染炭疽菌属真菌的病毒资源有待挖掘。本文利用宏病毒组测序技术,对分离自我国南部6个省份不同油茶园的40株油茶炭疽菌中的病毒进行了鉴定。经过同源比对分析,发现10种基因组类型均为正义单琏RNA的新病毒。它们分属于减毒病毒科(Hypoviridae)、裸露病毒科(Narnaviridae)、线粒体病毒科(Mitoviridae)和葡萄孢欧尔密病毒科(Botourmiaviridae)。本研究是我国南方油茶炭疽病菌携带病毒的首次报道。研究结果丰富了炭疽菌属所携带的病毒基因组信息,可为深入分析炭疽菌真菌病毒的多样性和分子特性奠定基础。     

Investigation and integrated molecular diagnosis of root-knot nematodes in Panax notoginseng root in the field

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are damaging pests that can infect thousands of plant species and cause enormous crop losses worldwide. Panax notoginseng is a common host of root-knot nematodes. In this study, we surveyed notoginseng gardens and determined the incidence of RKNs. Among the gardens surveyed, 71 % were infected with RKNs, and the RKN incidence index ranged from 8 % to 47 % in three randomly infected gardens. Meloidogyne hapla was identified as the pathogenic nematode based on 18S ribosomal RNA analysis by DNA barcoding. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed using a real-time PCR assay according to variations in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. These results indicated that the combination of DNA barcoding and real-time PCR is a reliable and precise method for identifying parasitic nematodes from mixed-infected plant roots in the field. In addition, the abundance of ITS1 and ITS2 displayed a similar trend to the numbers of RKNs in the three gardens, which suggests that the results of real-time PCR can be used to determine the damage caused by M. hapla in the field. Our studies show that RKNs are common and can cause serious damage to notoginseng. We present an integrated method of detecting mixed nematode species in the field and confirm M. hapla as the target for parasitic nematode control in notoginseng gardens. Our results contribute to the improvement of RKN control in notoginseng and further promote the sustainable development of medicinal plants.