Immune responses and enhanced disease resistance in Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy (Basilewsky), after oral administration of live or dead cells of Clostridium butyrium CB2

Clostridium butyrium CB2 isolated from chickens was tested as a potential fish probiotic in the Chinese drum, Miichthys miiuy . Fish were fed live (CB), dead CB2 (D-CB) cells (10⁸ cells g⁻¹) or spent culture supernatant (SCS), for 30 days and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum or Aeromonas hydrophila . Survival was higher in both the CB and the CB-D fed groups, but the SCS group was not significantly different from the control. After feeding live or dead CB2 cells, there was increase in phagocytic activity of the head kidney macrophages, the lysozyme activity of serum and gut mucosa and immunoglobulin (Ig) level. The SCS group showed no obvious change in immune parameters. The results suggest that live or dead Clostridium butyrium CB2 has an immunomodulatory effect on fish.     

Dissecting Genetic Basis of Deep Rooting in Dongxiang Wild Rice

Deep rooting is an important trait in rice drought resistance. Genetic resources of deep-rooting varieties are valuable in breeding of water-saving and drought-resistant rice. In the present study, 234 BC₂F₇ backcross introgression lines were derived from a cross of Dongye 80 (an accession of Dongxiang wild rice as the donor parent) and R974 (an indica restorer line as the recurrent parent). A genetic linkage map containing 1 977 bin markers was constructed by ddRADSeq for QTL analysis. Thirty-one QTLs for four root traits (the number of deep roots, the number of shallow roots, the total number of deep roots and the ratio of deep roots) were assessed on six rice chromosomes in two environments (2020 Shanghai and 2021 Hainan). Two of the QTLs, qDR5.1 and qTR5.2, were located on chromosome 5 in a 70-kb interval. They were detected in both environments. qDR5.1 explained 13.35% of the phenotypic variance in 2020 Shanghai and 12.01% of the phenotypic variance in 2021 Hainan. qTR5.2 accounted for 10.88% and 10.93% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. One QTL (qRDR2.2) for the ratio of deep roots was detected on chromosome 2 in a 210-kb interval and accounted for 6.72% of the phenotypic variance in 2020. The positive effects of these three QTLs were all from Dongxiang wild rice. Furthermore, nine and four putative candidate genes were identified in qRDR2.2 and qDR5.1/qTR5.2, respectively. These findings added to our knowledge of the genetic control of root traits in rice. In addition, this study will facilitate the future isolation of candidate genes of the deep-rooting trait and the utilization of Dongxiang wild rice in the improvement of rice drought resistance.     

Effects of extruded and pelleted diets with differing lipid levels on growth,nutrient retention and serum biochemical indices of tilapia (Oreochromis aureus × Tilapia nilotica)

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded diets and pelleted diets with varying dietary lipid levels on growth performance and nutrient utilization of tilapia. Six diets, containing three levels of lipid at 40, 60 or 80 g kg^?1 (with the supplemental lipid of 0, 20 or 40 g kg^?1, respectively), were prepared by extruding or pelleting and then fed to tilapia juveniles (8.0 ± 0.1 g) in cages (in indoor pools) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the fish that were fed the diet with 60 g kg^?1 of lipid had a higher weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), lipid retention (LRE), energy retention (ERE), apparent protein digestibility, apparent dry matter digestibility and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed the diet with 40 g kg^?1 lipid in both the extruded diet and pelleted diet (P < 0.05). As the dietary lipid level increased from 60 to 80 g kg^?1, these parameters were not further improved, even digestibilities of the crude protein and dry matter decreased (P < 0.05). With the dietary lipid level increased, whole‐body lipid content significantly increased (P < 0.05), serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) tended to increase (P > 0.05), whereas whole‐body protein content, serum triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and HDL‐C/LDL‐C tended to decrease (P > 0.05). Fish fed with the extruded diets had a higher WG, SGR, hepatosomatic index (HSI), PER, protein retention (PRE), LRE, ERE, TG, apparent digestibility of protein and dry matter, as well as a lower FCR, than those fed with the pelleted diets at the same dietary lipid level (P < 0.05). These results suggested that tilapia fed with the extruded diets had a better growth and higher nutrient utilization than fish fed with the pelleted diets, when dietary lipid level ranged from 40 to 80 g kg^?1 and at dietary crude protein level was 280 g kg^?1. The optimum dietary lipid level was 60 g kg^?1 in both the pelleted and extruded diets, and extrusion did not affect dietary lipid requirement of the tilapia.     

孝感市农业环境污染与治理初探

大量使用化肥、农药、农膜及生产、生活产生的废水污染了农业环境,影响农作物正常生长,降低了品质.治理污染可采取充分开发利用农作物秸秆和动物粪便、科学施肥、综合防治病虫害、宣传普及科学技术、强化农业执法等措施,以达到农业可持续发展和人与自然和谐共存的目的.     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

双充种室大蒜单粒取种装置设计与试验

针对当前大蒜机械化播种单粒合格率低、漏充率高的问题,该研究设计了一种双充种室大蒜单粒取种装置。通过分析与计算,确定了取种装置关键部件参数,阐述了双充种室结构可降低蒜种漏充的作业机理。采用EDEM软件进行了单因素仿真试验,分析了一级取种勺速度、种层厚度对充种性能及种群规律的影响,得到第二充种室内充入蒜种与被清掉蒜种的速度变化关系,证明了装置设计合理性。运用Box-Behnken中心组合试验方法,以一级取种勺速度、取种速比、种层厚度作为试验因素,以单粒合格率和漏充率作为评价指标,开展了三因素三水平正交试验。利用Design-Export8.0.6数据分析软件,建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型,并对试验因素进行了参数优化。圆整后一级取种勺速度为0.12 m/s、取种速比为0.75的条件下,种层厚度范围为360～390 mm开展室内验证试验,单粒合格率、漏充率、重播率均值分别为95.38%、1.18%、3.44%,变异系数分别为0.32%、6.11%和4.15%,验证试验结果与模型预测值相对误差小于5%。品种适应性试验试验结果表明取种装置对3类供试大蒜Ⅱ级蒜种适应性较优,蒜种机械损伤率为0.52%,符合标准要求。田间试验结果与优化结果一致,作业效果优于现有爪式循环、勺链式、轮勺式大蒜单粒取种装置,该研究可为解决大蒜播种机取种漏充问题提供指导参考。     

农业机械污染排放控制技术的现状与展望

农业机械作为一种重要的非道路机械类型,其主要动力源为柴油机,而柴油机固有的燃烧方式会导致其颗粒物(PM)和氮氧化物(NOx)等污染物排放严重,开展农业机械污染排放控制技术的研究对人体健康和环境保护均具有重要意义。该文从农业机械排放法规、降低农业机械污染排放的单项技术路线、满足更高排放限值要求的组合技术路线3个方面进行阐述。农业机械排放法规分析了欧盟、美国和中国法规对排放限值和测试循环的要求以及各国法规的差异。中国目前正在实施的农业机械国III排放标准,与欧盟的Stage IV和美国Tier IV标准相比,排放限值相对宽松;欧盟农业机械排放法规的NRSC测试循环主要包括8工况循环和5工况循环,而中国和美国规定,19 k W以下的非恒定转速的农业机械柴油机也可使用6工况循环进行测试;欧盟和中国规定污染物测量的最终结果为冷启动循环结果的10%和热启动循环结果的90%的加权,而美国将冷启动循环结果的比例调低至5%。单项技术路线对油品技术、机内净化技术和机外排气后处理技术进行了介绍。其中,油品技术包括提升燃油和润滑油品质、采用替代燃料等;机内净化技术包括农业机械柴油机本体优化设计、增压及增压中冷、燃油喷射优化和废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)等;机外排气后处理技术包括柴油机氧化催化转化技术(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)、柴油机颗粒捕集技术(diesel particulate filter,DPF)和选择性催化还原技术(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)等。组合技术路线总结了满足国III和国IV阶段以及国外最新排放标准的技术路线。"优化燃烧+SCR"技术路线的柴油机比采用"EGR+DPF/CDPF"技术路线的柴油机节省5%~7%的油耗,若扣除尿素消耗,前者仍有一定节油优势;模块构建和单体式后处理系统等先进的农业机械污染排放控制技术是满足Stage IV/Tier IV和Stage V的重要技术路线。最后,针对农业机械污染排放控制技术研究,进行了总结和展望。为满足未来国IV排放标准,加装机外排气后处理催化器已经成为一种重要手段;开发低成本、高净化效率的集成式机外排气后处理催化器,是未来农业机械污染排放控制的重要研究方向。     

仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机的设计与试验

针对目前国内山核桃破壳机实用机型少,破壳率较低,果仁损伤率较高等情况,提出了一种仿生敲击(即模仿人工加工山核桃的方式)破壳方式,研制一款仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机。根据山核桃的物料特性以及破壳时所需的各项力学特性参数,建立了破壳机构设计的数学模型。确定了敲击臂的结构尺寸,优化了凸轮结构,并最终得到了凸轮的实际轮廓曲线。该文阐述了破壳机的总体结构与性能,建立了整机的三维实体模型,并根据建模制造了样机。该样机通过现场试验,结果表明:山核桃的含水率为14.55%~16.35%,大小为直径18~22 mm(沿缝合线方向)时,破壳率为99.41%,果仁损伤率为6.25%,生产率为94.93 kg/h,满足生产要求。该研究丰富与完善了坚果类果实的破壳机理与方法,为含隔坚果类的破壳机具设计与开发提供系统的理论依据和应用基础。