Remediation of PAH-contaminated soil by pulsed corona discharge plasma

Purpose

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic organic pollutants of great environmental and health concern. PAHs are very persisted in soils and sediments which make it very difficult to remove them from soil. Therefore, remediation of PAH-contaminated sites has become an important environmental issue. The objective of this work was to study PAH degradation by pulsed corona discharge plasma system.

Materials and methods

Phenanthrene (Phe) was used as the model pollutant. The Phe-contaminated soil samples were prepared by adding appropriate amount of Phe dichlormethane solution (200 mg/L) into a given amount of pretreated soil, and Phe distributed uniformly in the soil at about 100 mg/kg. The experimental system mainly consisted of a pulse high-voltage power supply and a reactor vessel. The high-voltage electrode comprised of six stainless-steel needles and the ground electrode was a stainless-steel plate. The concentration of Phe was determined by HPLC system after being extracted out from soil. Effect of run parameters such as pulse voltage, pulse frequency, air flow rate, gas atmosphere, and initial concentration of Phe on Phe degradation was investigated, and the consumption of ozone during discharge process was also studied.

Results and discussion

The results showed that degradation efficiency of Phe (initial concentration 100 mg/kg) approached approximately 70 % after 40 min of discharge treatment under the conditions of pulse voltage 18 kV, pulse frequency 70 Hz, and air flow rate 0.8 L/min, which increased with the pulse voltage and pulse frequency due to the enhancement of input energy. An optimal air flow rate of 0.8 L/min was observed to obtain a maximum Phe degradation efficiency. Oxygen atmosphere favored Phe degradation due to high concentration of generated O-reagents, and ozone was found to act on Phe degradation. The concentration of Phe had influence on remediation capacity that increased with the amount of Phe in soil.

Conclusions

The results confirmed that pulsed corona-discharge plasma was a potential method for remediation of PAH-contaminated soil. This study offered a viable treatment option for remediation of Phe-contaminated soil, which was expected to remove PAHs other than Phe from soil with further development.

     

基于GF-1影像的冬小麦种植面积核算及直补政策实施评价

粮食直接补贴政策的实施,对于促进粮食生产和农民增收、推动农业农村发展发挥了积极的作用。补贴资金发放的精准程度在一定程度上影响着财政资金的支农效率。该文拟研究基于卫星数据进行粮食直补政策落实效果评价的可行性。以安徽省濉溪县为研究区,采用GF-1卫星16 m多光谱影像,在扣除线状地物、小地物的基础上,精准核算冬小麦种植面积。以乡镇为单位,比较统计发放面积与遥感核算面积,完成基于GF-1卫星数据的粮食补贴政策落实效果评价。结果表明：1）全县范围内,冬小麦直补发放统计面积与遥感核算面积较为吻合。直补发放统计面积为1239.17 km2,遥感核算面积为1227.37 km2,相对误差仅为0.96%;2）在乡镇尺度上,11个乡镇和1个开发区中共5个乡镇直补发放统计面积与遥感核算面积的相对误差<10%,8个乡镇<13%。相对误差最大的开发区、濉溪镇2个乡镇,以工商业用地为主,冬小麦种植面积少,地块零碎,遥感解译难度大。整体上,直补发放统计面积与遥感核算面积的 Nash-Sutcliffe 系数（Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient,ENS）为0.90,决定系数为0.93,两者相关程度较高。研究可为改进完善粮食补贴政策提供参考提供依据。     

基于变量选择的蚕茧茧层量可见-近红外光谱无损检测

以蚕茧茧层量为研究对象,研究了基于可见-近红外光谱技术的蚕茧茧层量无损检测方法。采用最小二乘支持向量机（least square-support vector machine,LS-SVM）建立可见-近红外光谱模型。采用无信息变量消除算法（uninformative variable elimination, UVE）与连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm, SPA）相结合选取光谱有效波长。结果表明,基于UVE-SPA法进行变量选择,最终将原始光谱的600个光谱变量减少到了8个（673,937,963,982,989,992,995和1 008 nm）。基于此8个变量建立的LS-SVM模型得到了预测集的确定系数（Rp2）为0.5354,误差均方根（RMSEP）为0.0373的预测结果。表明可见-近红外光谱可以用于对蚕茧的茧层量进行无损检测,同时UVE-SPA是一种有效的光谱变量选择方法。     

Effect of freeze–thaw cycles on carbon stocks of saline–alkali paddy soil

This study aims to provide basic data to support accurate estimation of carbon stocks and reveal the physicochemical factors that influence the carbon cycle in saline–alkali soils. Soil samples were collected during initial freezing, complete freezing, initial thawing and complete thawing stages. Levels of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil inorganic carbon (SIC), moisture, salinity, pH and available nitrogen were determined, and variations were observed during the freezing and thawing periods. Correlation analysis and regression analysis of carbon contents and physicochemical properties were performed. The results showed that freeze–thaw cycles have significant effects on carbon contents. The SOC content initially decreased in the freezing stage and then increased in the thawing stage. However, the SIC content initially increased in the freezing stage, decreased in the initial thawing stage and finally increased in the complete thawing stage. The migration and transformation of SOC and SIC were observed both temporally and spatially. SOC was positively correlated with available nitrogen, moisture and salinity and negatively correlated with pH; while SIC was negatively correlated with available nitrogen, moisture and salinity and positively correlated with pH. Among the factors evaluated, available nitrogen and salinity exerted the greatest effects on SOC and SIC contents, respectively.     

Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal network in carbon and phosphorus transfer between plants

Intercropping with aerobic rice or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization alleviated watermelon wilt disease, which is likely attributed to rice root exudates or AMF depressing watermelon wilt pathogen. However, it is unclear whether rice root exudates transfers to watermelon rhizosphere soil and whether AMF affects the transfer of rice root exudates to watermelon rhizosphere soil. A rhizobox experiment, with aerobic rice under ¹⁴?CO₂, was conducted to investigate the effect of AMF colonization on carbon (C) transfer from rice to watermelon and on phosphorus (P) uptake by both watermelon and rice. The rhizobox was separated into labelling side (L side) and sampling side (S side) by inserting nylon mesh in the middle of the box. The L side was planted with aerobic rice, and the S side was aerobic rice (monocropping) or watermelon (intercropping). When ¹⁴?CO₂ was added to rice canopy at the L side, ¹⁴?C activities of rice roots and rhizosphere soils in the L side were increased by intercropping with watermelon or AMF colonization. The ¹⁴?C was detected in roots and rhizosphere soils of rice and watermelon in the S side, but no differences were found among different treatments. ¹⁴?C activities in leaves were improved by AMF inoculation in the S side, regardless of rice or watermelon. Mycorrhizal colonization stimulated P absorption and translocation to rice in intercropping system. These findings suggest that AMF colonization could increase C transfer from rice to watermelon while intercropping with watermelon could promote AMF colonization and P uptake by rice.     

1980－2015年云南坡耕地资源时空分布及演变特征分析

坡耕地资源作为山丘区耕地的重要组成部分,分析坡耕地时空分布及演变特征对合理规划利用坡耕地资源、开展区域坡耕地水土生态环境治理具有重要意义。该文利用1980－2015年7个时相土地利用数据,采用土地利用转移矩阵、动态度模型、核密度分析和景观指数模型对云南坡耕地时空分布及演变特征进行分析。结果表明：1）云南坡耕地面积为472.55万hm2,占耕地面积的比例为69.79%,平均坡度为15.62°,不同分区坡耕地空间分布差异显著。2）近35年坡耕地与林地、草地、水田等土地利用类型发生了显著的动态转移过程,但转出与转入总体均衡,转移过程中坡耕地面积呈小幅增加趋势。3）大部分坡耕地坡度大于8°,其中＞15°坡耕地比例高达78.54%,近35年来各坡度分级坡耕地均处于动态演变过程,坡度＜15°的坡耕地面积呈增加趋势,而坡度＞15°的坡耕地面积呈减小趋势,不同坡度分级坡耕地面积存在"减小→增大→减小"或"减小→增大→减小→增大"的动态变化过程,＞25°坡耕地动态变化的波动幅度最大。4）近35年坡耕地核密度分布呈小幅度变化趋势,大部分区域坡耕地分布处于低密度区,高密度区面积占比最小,坡耕地分布呈现出4个显著的聚集分布带。5）坡耕地景观优势度在8种土地利用类型中处于中间位置,而破碎化特征则在8种土地利用类型中最为显著,近35年坡耕地景观破碎化程度减小,坡耕地集中连片程度得到加强。     

Taxon-specific responses of soil microbial communities to different soil priming effects induced by addition of plant residues and their biochars

Purpose

This work investigated changes in priming effects and the taxonomy of soil microbial communities after being amended with plant feedstock and its corresponding biochar.

Materials and methods

A soil incubation was conducted for 180 days to monitor the mineralization and evolution of soil-primed C after addition of maize and its biochar pyrolysed at 450 °C. Responses of individual microbial taxa were identified and compared using the next-generation sequencing method.

Results and discussion

Cumulative CO₂ showed similar trends but different magnitudes in soil supplied with feedstock and its biochar. Feedstock addition resulted in a positive priming effect of 1999 mg C kg^?1 soil (+253.7 %) while biochar gave negative primed C of ?872.1 mg C kg^?1 soil (?254.3 %). Linear relationships between mineralized material and mineralized soil C were detected. Most priming occurred in the first 15 days, indicating co-metabolism. Differences in priming may be explained by differences in properties of plant material, especially the water-extractable organic C. Predominant phyla were affiliated to Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Euryarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota during decomposition. Cluster analysis resulted in separate phylogenetic grouping of feedstock and biochar. Bacteria (Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes), fungi (Ascomycota), and archaea (Euryarchaeota) were closely correlated to primed soil C (R ²?=??0.98, ?0.99, 0.84, 0.81, 0.91, and 0.91, respectively).

Conclusions

Quality of plant materials (especially labile C) shifted microbial community (specific microbial taxa) responses, resulting in a distinctive priming intensity, giving a better understanding of the functional role of soil microbial community as an important driver of priming effect.

     

用低场核磁共振研究盐溶液漂洗对带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

为了比较单一成分盐溶液(质量分数为0.30%Na Cl、0.06%Ca Cl2或0.50%柠檬酸钠)和复合盐溶液(0.15%Na Cl、0.04%Ca Cl2、0.35%柠檬酸钠)漂洗对带鱼鱼糜凝胶水分分布及其凝胶特性的影响,该文运用低场核磁技术测定鱼糜凝胶的水分弛豫时间和水分质子密度,并结合鱼糜凝胶含水率、持水性、凝胶强度及其电镜扫描图,对盐溶液漂洗效果进行探究。鱼肉经单一成分0.30%Na Cl、0.06%Ca Cl2或0.50%柠檬酸钠溶液漂洗,柠檬酸钠组鱼糜凝胶中的氢质子束缚力最大,水分难以迁移,自由水的相对含量最低;与单一成分漂洗相比,经过复合盐溶液漂洗后,鱼糜凝胶水分迁移力相对较低,自由水含量较少,而水分质子密度较高,水分分布均匀;盐溶液漂洗后鱼糜凝胶的持水性、含水率、凝胶强度、凝胶显微结构与鱼糜凝胶中的水分分布相关,利用复合盐溶液漂洗带鱼鱼肉,能更好地改善带鱼鱼糜凝胶品质。研究结果为改善鱼肉漂洗工艺、提高鱼糜品质提供参考。     

基于InVEST模型的洞庭湖生态经济区生态系统服务功能研究

[目的]探讨洞庭湖的生态服务功能物质量空间分布情况,提升研究区乃至长江流域生态系统服务功能,为土壤保持、土地利用和生态保护提供参考。[方法]基于InVEST模型,以洞庭湖生态经济区为研究区域,评估2005,2018年水源涵养、土壤保持、碳储存和生境质量4项生态系统服务物质量及4项生态系统服务功能间的权衡关系。[结果](1)土地利用转化以林地和耕地、水域和耕地间相互转化以及林地、耕地转化为建设用地为主。(2)水源涵养和土壤保持功能显著提升,碳储存和生境质量功能略微下降。(3)水源涵养、碳储存、生境质量功能物质量低值区分布在研究区中部湖区附近,而高值区分布在东部地区;土壤保持功能物质量的高值区主要分布在东部、西南部和西北部地区。[结论]受经济发展客观需要和退田还湖、退耕还林等相关生态保护政策影响,研究期内洞庭湖区土地利用情况、生态系统服务功能物质量均发生较大变化,且研究区内水源涵养和生境质量之间为权衡关系,水源涵养和土壤保持之间为兼容关系,其他各项生态系统服务间均为协同关系。InVEST模型对生态系统服务功能的评估更全面。     

加强科技项目预算管理 提升科技管理水平

文章通过介绍国家规范和加强财政科技项目管理背景,从动态角度指出加强科技项目预算管理是 提升国有科研单位经费管理水平的最佳切入点,并对财政科技项目预算管理进行了探讨。