Iron oxides in two Oxisols from the Brazilian coastal plain

Two Oxisols from the B2 horizon at similar locations 2 km apart on the Brazilian coastal plain with a udic, isohyperthermic regime were practically identical in chemical composition but differed markedly in colour; one was a dark reddish brown, the other a pale ochre. Mossbauer spectra at 295 K, 80 K and 4.2 K indicated a clear difference in iron oxide mineralogy. Iron was present as aluminous hematite and goethite, with Al substitutions of approximately 20% in the two phases. However, the relative proportion of iron present in hematite and goethite was 45:55 in the first sample and 12:88 in the second. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.     

Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen and properties that dictate its distribution in paddy soil profiles

Nitrogen (N) is a key nutrient for rice production, and its bioavailability in paddy soils is strongly coupled to soil organic matter (SOM) cycling. A better understanding of potentially available N forms in soil, such as alkaline hydrolyzable N (AH-N), and their depth distribution will support the development of best management practices to improve the N use efficiency of rice while minimizing adverse environmental effects. Fifteen rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields from Southern Brazil were selected, and stratified soil samples were taken to a depth of 60 cm before crop establishment. Selected soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed to evaluate their relationships with AH-N contents in the soil profile. The AH-N contents below 20 cm varied extensively (increased, reduced, or constant) compared with that above 20 cm. Although clay and clay + silt contents were highly correlated to AH-N for some soils, the major property dictating AH-N distribution by depth was total N (TN), as the correlation between TN and AH-N was mainly by direct effect. The proportion of TN recovered as AH-N across sites and depths presented high amplitude, and thus AH-N was not a constant N pool across depths, indicating that AH-N can be affected by soil management practices even when TN showed no major changes. The distinct distribution of AH-N across soil sampling sites and depths indicates that depths greater than 20 cm should be considered when calibrating the AH-N index for N fertilizer recommendations for flooded rice in Southern Brazil.     

西藏山南地区主要农区霜冻发生规律及防御对策

利用山南地区主要农区气象观测站近30年(1980～2007年)历年霜期日数和逐日最低气温,详细分析了霜冻的时空分布特征以及突变情况,结果表明,沿江一线农区霜冻出现机率最高的是4月份,南部为5月份;年霜冻出现频率正在呈减少趋势;重霜冻每10年减少了1～3d;轻霜冻每10年减少了1～4d;沿江农区霜冻日数减少的突变是发生在20世纪90年代中期,具体发生在1997年左右,南部农区霜冻日数减少的突变发生在21世纪初,具体是在2006年左右。初霜冻主要出现在9月中旬至10月中旬近1个月的时间内;终霜冻主要出现在5月中旬至6月中旬近1个月的时间内,呈现自东向西和自北向南逐渐偏晚的特点;山南地区主要农区无霜期具有沿江一线长,南部农区短的特点。从空间分布来看,山南南部农区是霜冻高发区;沿江一线自西向东逐渐减少。     

The Quantum Event of Oceanic Crustal Accretion: Impacts of Diking at Mid-Ocean Ridges

Seafloor diking-eruptive events represent the irreducible, quantum events of upper oceanic crustal accretion. They record events by which a large portion of the oceanic crust has formed through geological history. Since 1993, the U.S. Navy's real-time Sound Surveillance System has allowed location of ongoing acoustic signatures of dike emplacement and basalt eruptions at ridge crests in the northeast Pacific. These diking-eruptive events trigger a sequence of related, rapidly evolving physical, chemical, and biological processes. Magmatic volatiles released during these events may provide nutrients for communities of subseafloor microorganisms, some of which thrive in high-temperature anaerobic environments. Many of the organisms identified from these systems are Archaea. If microorganisms can thrive in the water-saturated pores and cracks within deep, volcanically active portions of our planet, other hydrothermally active planets may harbor similar life forms.     

基于属性一致度的属性约简算法

为了对广东省的能源需求进行准确的预测,首先分析了影响广东省能源需求的各种因素,构建了预测指标体系.在此基础上,针对能源系统非线性等复杂系统特征,结合粒子群算法和BP神经网络的优点,构建了改进的PSO-BP神经网络的预测模型,并通过主成分分析法对指标体系进行数据降维,以降低神经网络的规模和复杂程度.以广东省1985-2013年的能源需求数据进行模拟与仿真,并对2014-2018年的能源需求量进行预测,理论分析和实证研究表明,该方法能够很好的反映广东省能源需求的特征,预测结果较为准确合理.     

马铃薯试管薯的诱导和应用

试管薯与试管苗一样是马铃薯脱毒原原种薯生产的基础。研究从诱导试管薯形成的最佳接种密度、利用试管薯生产脱毒种薯和保存种质资源的优越性3个方面进行。结果表明,进行试管薯诱导时每瓶接种10个茎切段能获得较多数量和较高质量的试管薯。利用试管薯生产脱毒种薯,可以提高脱毒苗的成活率,保证了脱毒薯的产量和质量,是比较优良的生产方式。运用试管薯保存种质资源,可以减少转接次数,降低病毒病的累加机率,提高了苗源质量,是一种较为实用和保存时间长的方法。     

拮抗油菜菌核病菌的链霉菌分离筛选与鉴定

从甘肃省河西走廊改良后的盐碱地分离链霉菌用于油菜菌核病菌的拮抗研究,并对拮抗菌进行鉴定。分离得到10株不同菌落形态的链霉菌,其中有2菌株对油菜菌核病有拮抗作用,编号Ⅲ22-3-3和Ⅲ22-3-12。与油菜菌核病进行对峙培养结果发现,Ⅲ22-3-3和Ⅲ22-3-12抑菌圈直径分别为1.2和0.9cm;离体叶菌丝接种试验表明,Ⅲ22-3-3和Ⅲ22-3-12对油菜菌核病菌的防治效果分别达63.5%和49.1%;Ⅲ22-3-12能在油菜菌核上定殖并寄生分解菌核,同对照相比菌核萌发率下降18.2%;通过形态培养特征、生理生化特征和16S rDNA鉴定表明,Ⅲ22-3-3为产水链霉菌(Streptomyces hydrogenans),Ⅲ22-3-12为球孢链霉菌(Streptomyces globisporus)。 [     

兰州市居住空间分布及其成因

城市居住空间是城市空间的重要组成部分。兰州市是典型的河谷型城市,对其居住空间进行研究,有助于揭示该类城市居住空间分布规律,合理引导城市居住空间的发展,优化城市居住空间结构。基于统计资料并结合实地调查,运用Arcgis软件的空间分析功能,从定量分析角度揭示出兰州市居住空间呈现沿交通线集聚分布、区域布局不均衡以及居住空间分异现象初显的特点。并从自然地理环境、城市规划、住房制度、房地产业的发展以及交通建设方面分析了兰州市居住空间分布形成的原因。     

Multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods which may be applied to pesticide research

Regression analysis is the most commonly used technique in QSAR studies. Whilst regression has its advantages, it also suffers from a number of disadvantages. A variety of mathematical and statistical techniques exist which complement or replace regression. These may he classified as ‘supervised’ and ‘unsupervised’ learning methods where supervision refers to the use made of biological data in the analysis. These terms are discussed and examples of three unsupervised and two supervised learning methods are presented. The techniques described are Non-Linear Mapping, Principal Components Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis and Factor Analysis. Although the examples presented are mostly pharmaceutical applications, it is proposed that the extra complexity of pesticide research data, compared with pharmaceutical, makes it very well suited to analysis by these methods.